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Tumors of the nasal cavity are often grouped with those in the paranasal sinuses. Benign tumors constituted approximately 75% of tumors in our hospital. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignancy of this region. These tumors need to be studied closely and accurately because their proximity to vital structures pose significant challenges for their treatment and may be the source of significant patient morbidity.

This study aimed to assess the role of pleural fluid analysis in diagnosing pleural malignancy. Thoracentesis and closed needle biopsy of parietal pleura, using Cope's needle, were performed in 45 cases of pleural effusion coming to Department of Pulmonary Medicine. Samples were processed and studied as per standard methods. The male to female ratio was 4.6:1. Age range was 18-74 years. Two pleural effusions were transudates. Amongst the 43 exudates, 17 cases were malignant on pleural fluid analysis. Cytohistological correlation was 68.4% for malignancy. Adenocarcinoma was the most common malignancy. Pleural fluid showed good sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. In developing countries, where investigations and health facilities are inadequate and cost of treatment is un-affordable, careful analysis of pleural fluid still remains a very convenient, low-cost and safe investigation that helps in diagnosing cases of malignant pleural effusion. Its combination with pleural closed needle biopsy can further enhance its usefulness in diagnosing pleural malignant lesions.

INTRODUCTION:Health-care professionals are trained health-care providers who occupy a potential vanguard position in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention programs and the management of AIDS patients. This study was performed to assess HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) and perceptions among health-care professionals at a tertiary health-care institution in Uttarakhand, India, and to identify the target group where more education on HIV is needed.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A cross-sectional KAP survey was conducted among five groups comprising consultants, residents, medical students, laboratory technicians, and nurses. Probability proportional to size sampling was used for generating random samples. Data analysis was performed using charts and tables in Microsoft Excel 2016, and statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science software version 20.0.RESULTS:Most participants had incomplete knowledge regarding the various aspects of HIV/AIDS. Attitude in all the study groups was receptive toward people living with HIV/AIDS. Practical application of knowledge was best observed in the clinicians as well as medical students. Poor performance by technicians and nurses was observed in prevention and prophylaxis. All groups were well informed about the National AIDS Control Policy except technicians.CONCLUSION:Poor knowledge about HIV infection, particularly among the young medical students and paramedics, is evidence of the lacunae in the teaching system, which must be kept in mind while formulating teaching programs. As suggested by the respondents, Information Education Communication activities should be improvised making use of print, electronic, and social media along with interactive awareness sessions, regular continuing medical educations, and seminars to ensure good quality of safe modern medical care.

Introduction:Sinonasal tumors occur in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses (PNS). These tumors are rare and lymphomas are even rarer. Lymphoma of the nose and PNS may mimic benign processes and may manifest either in an isolated fashion or in conjunction with systemic diseases. B-cell lymphomas, a more favorable diagnosis, account for the majority of cases, whereas T-cell and extranodal natural killer lymphoma are associated with rapid disease progression and death.Materials and Methods:All patients with sinonasal lymphomas who were nonreactive for HIV and were operated and treated in our hospital from 2006 to 2016 were included in the study. Histopathological diagnosis and immunohistochemistry using a panel of antibodies (CK, CD99, CD 15, CD30, CD45, Bcl 2, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-1, CD 16, CD 57 and ki-67) were reviewed and recorded.Results:Out of 153 malignant sinonasal tumors, 18 were diagnosed with lymphoma. Non-Hodgkins lymphoma constituted 88.8% of cases with the most common subtype being diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 12, 66.6%). Maxillary sinus was the most frequently involved site (62%). The average age of presentation was 52 years with a slight male predominance. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans were done in virtually all cases to assess the extent of the tumor as well as bony destruction. Average 5-year survival was 50%. Local recurrence was the most frequent cause of treatment failure.Conclusion:Malignant lymphomas constituted 11.7% of all malignancies of PNS. The association of diffuse large B-cell tumors with obstructive nasal mass and T-cell tumors with septal perforation, orbital extension and ophthalmological symptoms were more commonly seen.

Introduction Hematological malignancies are quite common and affect all ages and genders. The diagnosis involves a multiparameter approach. The geographical distribution of various types of hematological malignancies has been provided by various authors but no such data have been published regarding the State of Uttarakhand in India.

Bronchial brushing (BB) and the more recent trans-bronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) are well established techniques performed using flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, for sampling trachobronchial lesions suspected of malignancy. Our aim was to assess the efficacy of these two techniques in diagnosing carcinoma lung, when used individually as well as in combination, taking bronchial biopsy as the "Gold Standard" diagnostic test. Of all the cases of suspected lung cancer received between 1 st January 2003 to 30 th September 2004, 181 cases were selected where flexible bronchoscopic samples of BB, TBNA as well as bronchial biopsy were taken. Samples were processed as per standard procedures of cytology and histology. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common lung cancer followed by small cell type. Sensitivity of BB was 81.5%; while that of TBNA was 62.5%. Specificity of BB and TBNA was 77.8% and 66.7%, respectively. Efficacy of BB was better than TBNA in diagnosing lung cancers. Combined use of BB and TBNA showed better sensitivity and accuracy than either techniques used individually. Bronchial brushing is a superior technique in the diagnosis of lung cancers than TBNA. Their combined use can further improve the chances of early detection of lung cancers.

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