Aim: To develop a simple mathematical model to assess the losses due to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in small ruminants in India.
Materials and Methods:The study was based on cases and deaths in goats and sheep due to PPR from the average combined data on ovine/caprine as published by Government of India for the last 5 years (2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012). All possible direct and indirect losses due to the disease, viz. mortality losses, losses due to direct reduction in milk/wool yield, losses due to reproduction failure, body weight losses, treatment costs and opportunity costs, were considered to provide estimate of annual economic losses due to PPR in sheep and goats in India. Based on cases and deaths as reported in sample survey studies, the annual economic loss was also estimated.Results: On the basis of data reported by Government of India, the study has shown average annual economic loss of Rs. 167.83 lacs, of which Rs. 125.67 lacs and Rs. 42.16 lacs respectively are due to the incidence of the disease in goats and sheep. Morbidity losses constituted the greater share of the total loss in both goats and sheep (56.99% and 61.34%, respectively). Among different components of morbidity loss, direct body weight loss was the most significant in both goats and sheep. Based on cases and deaths as reported in sample survey studies, the estimated annual economic loss due to PPR in goats and sheep is Rs. 8895.12 crores, of which Rs. 5477.48 and Rs. 3417.64 crores respectively are due to the disease in goats and sheep.
Conclusion:The low economic losses as reported based on Government of India data points towards underreporting of cases and deaths due to the disease. The study thus revealed a significant loss due to PPR in small ruminants on a large scale.
Enrichment of milking environment through music has been proposed to help animals to cope with divergent stressors. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of Indian instrumental music-based environmental enrichment on milk production performance and behaviour in cattle. A total of 21 lactating dairy cattle (Vrindavani crossbred cows) having similar parity and stage of lactation were selected in three groups -T1, T2, and T3 each consisting of seven animals. The T1 and T2 groups were exposed to instrumental ute and sitar respectively 10 minutes prior to the start of milking and continued till completion of milking; while the T3 group served as control. Musical enrichment of the environment was done using recorded-tape of ute and / sitar was played in yamen raga at 40-60 decibels intensity. The results revealed a non-signi cant difference in milk yield, rectal temperature, respiration rate, T3 and T4 hormones. However, there exhibited a signi cant (p<0.05) difference in milking time, milking speed, cortisol hormones and behavioural parameters such as milk let down in the animals exposed to music compared to the control group. Thus, the results have signi cant implications relating to the behavioural tness and welfare of dairy animals and reducing residual milk.
The present study provides knowledge on distribution of JE vector in Bareilly which indicates that the area is at risk of JE outbreak. Abundance of Culex vector clearly demarcates possible threat of JE incidence in the study area. A long-term entomological study is needed to further evaluate the significant role of different weather variables in shaping mosquito densities.
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