The major problem with in vitro propagation of lilies is small bulblet size, and the initial size of bulblets not only strongly affects growth and morphogenesis rates but also the transition between various vegetative and reproductive phases during development after planting. Therefore, bulblet growth is the most important factor in understanding how lily bulblets grow in vitro and the role of starch converted from sucrose in the medium on the growth mechanism in lilies, with the aim of revealing the effective in vitro culture condition to enhance in vivo performance of lily bulblets. The results of this study show bulblet growth correlates with the use of starch granule reserves inside explant tissue and in the medium. The main factor determining the growth of bulblets in vitro is explant size due to internal storage of starch, which plays a vital role in bulblet growth irrespective of cultivar. Furthermore, internal storage of sucrose plays a vital role and influences regeneration and bulblet growth in both in vitro and in vivo cultures. Therefore, the size of the bulblets produced in vitro strongly affects performance after planting. There is a high correlation (R 2 = 0.9672) between bulb weight after the growth season and initial bulb weight and therefore, the ontogenetic age of bulblets at planting. Hence, culturing lily scale explants in a high sucrose concentration during regeneration of bulblets in vitro to increase bulblet size is the main point of interest for future production.
Sucrose is a necessary external carbon substrate for in vitro microtuber induction and development. In this study, we determined the correlation between sucrose and microtuber formation in potato by investigating the role and significance of sucrose in the medium and the origin of explants, as well as the potential function of sucrose in microtuber formation in vitro. Sucrose strongly influences microtuber induction, growth, and earliness without negative side effects. The results of this study show there was a significant correlation of R 2 = 0.95 between tuberization and high sucrose content in the medium. High sucrose content in the medium is the carbon source that influences microtuber formation and development irrespective of the origin of explants. The present work could be considered efficient for large scale multiplication and propagation of this important vegetable crop in vitro. Hence, the results of this study should help rapid micropropagation of commercial potato cultivars by using high concentrations of sucrose in the microtuberization medium for a higher percentage of microtuber formation with earliness.
This study aimed to examine the total viable bacteria (TVBC); total coliform (TCC); fecal coliform (TFC); pathogenic Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and total fungi (TF); and the effect of different low-cost disinfectants (sterile water, salt water, blanched, and vinegar) in decontamination of 12 types of fruit and 10 types of vegetables. In fruit samples, the lowest TVBC was enumerated at 3.18 ± 0.27 log CFU/g in Indian gooseberry and the highest at 6.47 ± 0.68 log CFU/g in guava. Staphylococci (2.04 ± 0.53–5.10 ± 0.02 log CFU/g), Pseudomonas (1.88 ± 0.03–5.38 ± 0.08 log CFU/g), and total fungi (2.60 ± 0.18–7.50 ± 0.15 log CFU/g) were found in all fruit samples; however, no Salmonella was detected in fruit samples. Similarly, the lowest TVBC recorded 5.67± 0.49 log CFU/g in cucumber and the highest 7.37 ± 0.06 log CFU/g in yard long bean. The Staphylococci (3.48 ± 0.13–4.81 ± 0.16 log CFU/g), Pseudomonas (3.57± 0.21– 4.75 ± 0.23 log CFU/g), TCC (1.85 ± 1.11–56.50 ± 37.14 MPN/g), TFC (1.76 ± 0.87– 3.78 ± 3.76 MPN/g), and TF (3.79 ± 0.18–4.40 ± 0.38 log CFU/g) were recorded in all vegetables samples, but no Salmonella was detected in yard long bean, pointed gourd, carrot, tomato, cucumber, or brinjal. However, vinegar showed the highest microbial load reduction of selected fruit and vegetables among the different treatments. With vinegar treatment, the highest reduction of TVBC (1.61-log) and TF (2.54-log) was observed for fruits, and TVBC (2.31-log) and TF (2.41-log) for vegetables. All the disinfectant treatments resulted in significant (p < 0.01) bacterial load reduction compared to control for the studied fruits and vegetable samples.
Eustoma (Eustoma grandiflorum) is a high-rank ornamental cut flower, and propagation of plant material by seed is an important approach for high-volume production of Eustoma. Successful propagation using different parts of the Eustoma plant has been reported in numerous studies; however, to date there have been no studies comparing the timeline differences between in vitro and conventional germination growth methods. The objective of this study was to develop a convenient and straightforward in vitro protocol that decreases the lag time to germination and the seedling development periods. Seed germination and seedling growth was studied in Eustoma (Voyage type 2 pink) seeds using two different techniques, in vitro germination and conventional sowing in soil. Seeds sown under in vitro conditions exhibited faster (6 days) germination compared with seeds sown directly in soil (11 days). Halfstrength Murashige and Skoog medium in vitro-grown seedlings (7 weeks) were more vigorous and produced true leaves earlier compared with conventionally-grown seedlings (15 weeks). In addition, when Eustoma seeds were sown in vitro, germination could be more easily tracked and visually compared with seeds sown in soil media. Therefore, the in vitro seed germination protocol developed in this study is straightforward, reproducible, and will amenable to facilitate efficient seedling production of Eustoma for commercial applications.
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