BackgroundHaemonchosis is a major economic problem in goat production in humid, tropical and subtropical regions. The disease is caused by an abomasal nematode, Haemonchus contortus, which is highly pathogenic in small ruminants. The aim of this study was to identifying single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that were associated with fecal egg counts (FEC) and could be used as markers to identify resistance to H. contortus in goats.ResultsTen novel variants in the CIITA, ATP2A3, HSPA8, STAT5B, ESYT1, and SERPING1 genes were associated with FEC in goats with a nominal significance level of P < 0.05. Two missense mutation in the exon region of the caprine CIITA gene resulted in replacement of arginine with cysteine at position 9473550 (R9473550C) and aspartic acid with glutamic acid at position 9473870 (D9473870E). Chinese goat breeds had significantly higher FEC than Bangladeshi goat breeds within their respective genotypes. Polymorphism information content (PIC), effective allele number (Ne), and heterozygosity (He) were greatest for the STAT5B_197_A > G SNP locus in all goat breeds. Pairwise coefficients of linkage disequilibrium (D´, r2) revealed complete LD (r2 = 1) between significant SNP polymorphisms in CIITA and SERPING1 and strong LD (r2 = 0.93 and 0.98) between polymorphisms in HSPA8 and ATP2A3, respectively. Correlation coefficient (r) between FEC and body weight (BW) was significantly positive (r = 0.56***, P < 0.001) but that between FEC and packed cell volume (PCV) was negatively significant (r = − 0.47**, P < 0.01) in the total population of goats. On the other hand, correlation coefficient (r) between BW and PCV was not significant in total population of goats. Association analysis revealed that haplotypes within ATP2A3, HSPA8, and SERPING1 were significantly associated with FEC. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the relative expression of mRNA was higher (P < 0.001) for resistant, compared to susceptible, groups of goats for all candidate genes except CIITA.ConclusionsThis study identified SNP markers that can potentially be used in marker-assisted selection programs to develop goat breeds that are resistant to H. contortus.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-019-0327-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
ABSTRACT:Controlled release matrix tablets of theophylline anhydrous were designed with different types of bioadhesive polymers. HPMC 15 cps and 50 cps, Na-CMC, Gelatin, Xanthun gum and PVP K-30 were selected to formulate matrix tablets. Tablets of theophylline were prepared by direct compression method and were subjected to in vitro drug dissolution for 8 hrs in a gastric fluid media by using thermal shaker with a shaking speed of 50 rpm at a temperature of 37 ± 0.5°C. The in vitro release study as well as retention time of bioadhesive tablets on mucous membrane were investigated to develop a bioadhesive polymer based controlled release delivery system and to evaluate the performance of such delivery device. Na-CMC, HPMC and Xanthan gum based tablets showed greater bio-adhesive strength where as gelatin and PVP K-30 based tablets showed poor bioadhesive strength. Na-CMC and Xanthun gum loaded tablets were not discharged from the mucous membrane and these tablets were fully dissolved in the gastric fluid. Xanthan gum, Na-CMC and HPMC based formulation showed nearly zero-order release. On the contrary, gelatin and PVP K-30 based formulation showed a burst release within one hour of dissolution.
From e.m.f measurements of cells (C-1) and (C-2) it has been established that modified Davies equation is valid in dioxane-water media at least upto 30% dioxane by weight. E0m values of Hg | Hg2Cl2(s), Cl- electrode in dioxane-water media having 10, 20 and 30% dioxane by weight and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters have been determined at 288.15, 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15 0K.
(Pt),H2 ( l atm ) | HCl(m1) x% Dioxane (100-x)% H2O, Hg2Cl2(s) | Hg … (C-1)
(Pt),H2 ( l atm ) | HCl(m1) BaCl2(m2)x% Dioxane (100-x)% H2O, Hg2Cl2(s) | Hg … (C-2)
The deprotonation constant of glycine in 10%, 20% and 30% dioxane in dioxane-water system at 298.15 K was determined using the cell:
H2(Pt) | Glycine, HCl, X% Dioxane, Hg2Cl2 | Hg …(C-1)
m1 m2
and e.mf. of the cell was given by
E = E0 - (2.303RT/F) (log mH+ mCl_ + log ?H+ ?Cl_) …(1)
where log ?H+ ?Cl_ = - (2A’√μ/(1+√μ) ) + ?1μ (Modified Davies Equation) …(2)
which has been given by B Prasad in our laboratory called modified Davies equation for calculating activity coefficient in the system and hence deprotonation constant of glycine can be calculated by calculating mH+ given by the formula:
log mH+ = (E0 - E)/K - log mCl_ + (2A’ √μ/(1+ √μ)) - ?1μ …(3)
Therefore Free energy transfer can be calculated for 10, 20 and 30% dioxane in dioxane-water system during determination of deprotonation constant of glycine at 298.15 K.
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