Past studies on the adoption of integrated pest management (IPM), analyzed the significance of non-spatial factors (social, economic, institutional and management factors etc.) in influencing farmers' decision to adopt IPM while the present study analyzed spatial factors in addition to these non-spatial factors to address the questions-i. Do the spatial factors significantly influence the farmers to adopt IPM? If yes, then to what extent they do affect IPM adoption? The data were collected from 331 vegetable farmers of Narsingdi district, Bangladesh, by conducting a household survey. Farmers' nineteen characteristics under five broad groups, namely social, economic, institutional, management and spatial factors were analyzed. The result of the binary logistic regression model revealed that two spatial factors namely the distance of farmers' house from the nearest market and the distance from agriculture office, along with some specific social, economic, institutional and management factors, significantly influenced the farmers' to use IPM. It is also observed from the model that the role of spatial factors was important in influencing IPM adoption. However, with regard to the level of importance, their contribution was less than those of economic and institutional factors but more than those of social and management factors. The influences of these factors in practicing IPM are discussed individually as well as group based. The findings show significance in domestic policy making.

The paper analysed the profitability and resource use efficiency of boro rice cultivation in Bogra district of Bangladesh using farm level survey data of April-May, 2016. In total 103 farmers were selected randomly from the study area. Result based on Farm Budgeting model showed that per hectare variable cost and total cost of production was BDT (Bangladeshi Taka) 57,583 and BDT 71,208 respectively. Average yield was found 4.112 ton which was more than the previous year's national average yield of 3.965 ton. The average gross return, gross margin, and net return were BDT 86,548, BDT 28,965 and BDT 15,340 respectively. Benefit-Cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.22 and 1.50 on full cost and variable cost basis. Cobb-Douglas production function analysis showed that the key production factors, that is, human labour, irrigation, insecticide, seed and fertilizer had statistically significant effect on yield. MVP and MFC ratio analysis showed that growers allocated most of their resources in the rational stage of production.

Climate change adaptation strategies are one of the best alternatives to reduce the impacts of climate change on vegetable production. This paper examined the adaptation capacity level of the vegetable growers, determinants of their adaptation decision and constraints they are facing. Data were captured through a Questionnaire survey and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) conducted with the farmers of Bogura district, Bangladesh. Frequency counts, mean, percentage, range and linear regression model, were used to analyze the data. The survey revealed that 52% of farmers had moderate adaptation capacity followed by 28 and 20% had low and high adaptation capacity respectively. There were nine strategies in the study area, some of which common are homestead vegetable gardening, alternative irrigation, use of integrated pest management (IPM), changing the sowing time, and vegetable beds are raised. Multiple regression analysis showed that farmers adaptation capacity is characterized by their annual family income, contact with media, and distance of home to the market. Barriers to expanding adaptation strategies identified by farmers include: lack of information on climate change, shortage of land, lack of credit access, flood effect, absence of flood tolerant variety, poor soil fertility and shortage of labor. This paper recommends that the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) should provide more information focus to adaptation strategies to the farmers live close to the market, having less income and owner of small farm size.

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