Traditionally, handmade gold jewelry played a very important role in the cultural heritage of Bangladesh. Goldsmiths still are partially using ancient manufacturing process with coal fire, candle flame blowing, and nitric and sulfuric acid treatments. Such process leads to the contamination of workplace with the dust of toxic metals, acidic vapors, and particles of different natures. To evaluate contamination by particulate matter (PM), the passive particle collectors were installed in different manufacturing units for a period of 85 days at Tanti Bazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The laser diffraction analysis of the samples collected at the soldering units showed significant amounts of particulates, both PM10 and PM 2.5, and also nanoparticles in both nucleation and accumulation mode. SEM/EDS analysis revealed partially melted micro blebs that contain a very high concentration of Fe along with Cu. The toxic elements were detected with ICP analysis and include higher concentrations of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As). It is notable that detection of arsenic contamination was unexpected since raw materials used for jewelry making should not have any arsenic.
The effectiveness of commercially available disinfectants was evaluated against Salmonellae isolated from different internal organs of 52 numbers of dead layer chickens in the district of Dinajpur during the period from July 2009 to June 2010. Bacterio-biochemical methods were used to isolate and identify the Salmonella organisms from 154 samples of liver, spleen, heart and lungs of birds, of which 36 (23.38%) samples had Salmonella infection. Organ-wise prevalence of Salmonella infection showed highest prevalence in liver ( 34.62%), followed by spleen (23.087%) , heart (20.00%) and lowest in lungs (4.00%). Effectiveness of disinfectants was tested at different concentration on Salmonella culture on SS agar media and measured by zone of inhibition incubated for 24 hours. Highest average zone of inhibition was recorded with Desinkap® (12.50 ± 2.08), followed by GPC (8) TM ® (11.33 ± 1.53) , and more or less similar patterns with TH 4 ® ( 10.50 ± 0.71), Virocid ® ( 10.50 ± 0.71) and Lysol ® ( 10.00 ± 0.00). It may be concluded from these results that Desinkap® is the most effective disinfectant against Salmonellae as it contains multiple ingredients.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i1.11211 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2011). 9(1): 43-52
This study was conducted to determine lethal effects of Salmonella toxin isolated from layer chickens. The chickens were collected from Paragon Poultry Farm, Rangpur and Ahana Poultry Farm, Dinajpur and brought to the Microbiology Laboratory at the Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, to isolate and identify Salmonella spp., and subsequent toxin separation from the isolated organisms for the detection of lethal effects of the toxin. The lethality of isolated toxin was evaluated in day-old-chick. The toxicity in case of oral administration was 50%, whereas the rate was 80% when chicks were administered through intra-peritoneal route. The chick mortality rate was 65%. For toxin extraction, Salmonellae were isolated and identified from layer chickens. Out of 196 organ samples, 51 were found to be positive for Salmonella spp., of which 33 and 18 were of Paragon Poultry Farm and Ahana Poultry Farm, respectively. Total 60 chickens (27 pullets and 33 layers) were screened. The percentages of positive samples (liver, spleen, lung, heart) from these farms were 29.82 and 20.73%, respectively and the average prevalence of Salmonellae was 26.02%. In case of Paragon Poultry Farm, the prevalence of salmonellosis in pullet was 23.08% and in layer, it was 35.48%, whereas in case of Ahana Poultry Farm, the prevalence was 16.67 and 23.91%, respectively.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a potentially contagious viral disease in cattle, caused by the Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which belongs to the family Poxviridae. The virus is suspected to spread via biological vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and direct contact. It is a significant economic disease caused by a virus that causes significant losses in milk production, fertility, abortions, import restrictions, and, in some cases, death in the livestock animals. This study aimed to assess the current state of LSD and its management on several farms in the north-western region of Bangladesh. Data were obtained from two Upazilas in the Natore district (Natore Sadar and Baraigram) using a structured questionnaire. During the study period of 1 June to 20 December 2020, a total of 34 small farms and 87 animals were monitored. The OIE guidelines directed the diagnosis of LSD based on current clinical indicators. MS Excel and SPSS statistical software were used to evaluate all of the data. Morbidity, mortality, and case-fatality rates were found to be 64.70%, 2.94 %, and 4.53 % in Natore Sadar and 83.02 %, 3.77 %, and 4.55 % in Baraigram Upazilas, respectively. Female animals that were newly matured (2-4 years) were a larger prone to LSD infection (43.1%) than animals of other ages. A total of 34.43% illness was found in young bull cattle aged (2-4). Bull and heifer calves are also vulnerable populations, with reports of LSD infection leading to mortality. Limb swelling is a common clinical symptom, and LSD-positive young mature (2-4 year) cattle had the most significant rate (18.39%) of limb swelling. The farm hygiene practice is a critical determinant in the spread of LSDV, and a large proportion of cattle (48.27 %) infected with LSD were on farms with poor hygienic management, compared to good (01.14 %) and medium (01.14 %) hygienic management practices (26.43 %). Despite the fact that mosquito nets help prevent mosquitoes, most owners (91.17 %) did not use one in their cattle barn at night. More study is needed in Bangladesh to improve the clinical management of LSD, identify risk factors, and understand the molecular characteristics of diseases.
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