The world's population is increasing very rapidly, reducing the cultivable land of rice, decreasing table water, emerging new diseases and pests, and the climate changes are major issues that must be addressed to researchers to develop sustainable crop varieties with resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, recent scientific discoveries and advances particularly in genetics, genomics and crop physiology have opened up new opportunities to reduce the impact of these stresses which would have been difficult if not impossible as recently as the turn of the century. Marker assisted backcrossing (MABC) is one of the most promising approaches is the use of molecular markers to identify and select genes controlling resistance to those factors. Regarding this, MABC can contribute to develop resistant or high-yielding or quality rice varieties by incorporating a gene of interest into an elite variety which is already well adapted by the farmers. MABC is newly developed efficient tool by which using large population sizes (400 or more plants) for the backcross F1 generations, it is possible to recover the recurrent parent genotype using only two or three backcrosses. So far, many high yielding, biotic and abiotic stresses tolerance, quality and fragrance rice varieties have been developed in rice growing countries through MABC within the shortest timeframe. Nowadays, MABC is being used widely in plant breeding programmes to develop new variety/lines especially in rice. This paper reviews recent literature on some examples of variety/ line development using MABC strategy.

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Abstract:Research was carried out to estimate the levels of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin that may be found in some heat tolerant chili pepper genotypes and to determine the degree of pungency as well as percentage capsaicin content of each of the analyzed peppers. A sensitive, precise, and specific ultra fast liquid chromatographic (UFLC) system was used for the separation, identification and quantitation of the capsaicinoids and the extraction solvent was acetonitrile. The method validation parameters, including linearity, precision, accuracy and recovery, yielded good results. Thus, the limit of detection was 0.045 µg/kg and 0.151 µg/kg for capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, respectively, whereas the limit of quantitation was 0.11 µg/kg and 0.368 µg/kg for capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. The calibration graph was linear from 0.05 to 0.50 µg/g for UFLC analysis. The inter-and intra-day precisions (relative standard deviation) were <5.0% for capsaicin and <9.9% for dihydrocapsaicin while the average recoveries obtained were quantitative (89.4%-90.1% for capsaicin, 92.4%-95.2% for dihydrocapsaicin), indicating good accuracy of the UFLC method. AVPP0705, AVPP0506, AVPP0104, AVPP0002, C05573 and AVPP0805 showed the highest concentration of capsaicin (12,776, 5,828, 4,393, 4,760, 3,764 and 4,120 µg/kg) and the highest pungency level, whereas AVPP9703, AVPP0512, AVPP0307, AVPP0803 and OPEN ACCESSMolecules 2014, 19 6475 AVPP0102 recorded no detection of capsaicin and hence were non-pungent. All chili peppers studied except AVPP9703, AVPP0512, AVPP0307, AVPP0803 and AVPP0102 could serve as potential sources of capsaicin. On the other hand, only genotypes AVPP0506, AVPP0104, AVPP0002, C05573 and AVPP0805 gave a % capsaicin content that falls within the pungency limit that could make them recommendable as potential sources of capsaicin for the pharmaceutical industry.

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Bangladesh is experiencing a second wave of COVID-19 since March 2021, despite the nationwide vaccination drive with ChAdOx1 (Oxford−AstraZeneca) vaccine from early February 2021. Here, we characterized 19 nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) samples from COVID-19 suspect patients using genomic and metagenomic approaches. Screening for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and metagenomic sequencing revealed 17 samples of COVID-19 positive (vaccinated = 10, nonvaccinated = 7) and 2 samples of COVID-19 negative. We did not find any significant correlation between associated factors including vaccination status, age or sex of the patients, diversity or abundance of the coinfected organisms/pathogens, and the abundance of SARS-CoV-2. Though the first wave of the pandemic was dominated by clade 20B, Beta, V2 (South African variant) dominated the second wave (January 2021 to May 2021), while the third wave (May 2021 to September 2021) was responsible for Delta variants of the epidemic in Bangladesh including both vaccinated and unvaccinated infections. Noteworthily, the receptor binding domain (RBD) region of S protein of all the isolates harbored similar substitutions including K417N, E484K, and N501Y that signify the Beta, while D614G, D215G, D80A, A67V, L18F, and A701V substitutions were commonly found in the non-RBD region of Spike proteins. ORF7b and ORF3a genes underwent a positive selection (dN/dS ratio 1.77 and 1.24, respectively), while the overall S protein of the Bangladeshi SARS-CoV-2 isolates underwent negative selection pressure (dN/dS = 0.621). Furthermore, we found different bacterial coinfections like Streptococcus agalactiae, Neisseria meningitidis, Elizabethkingia anophelis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, expressing a number of antibiotic resistance genes such as tetA and tetM. Overall, this approach provides

Teachers are the crucial elements in preparing young people not only to face the future with confidence not build it with purpose and accountability. Education is a dynamic process of human development and empowerment. Teacher education has been widely advocated as the single important ingredient in the economic, social and political and cultural development of developing/ developed society. Teacher without quality can be judged as a man without mind. Quality of teacher education depends basically on a number of factors such as infrastructure, learning environment curriculum, teaching learning materials (TLM) and teacher's participation with demand of changing society Quality enhancement in teacher education is a deliberate process of change that leads to improvement. In academic problem two teams are often used namely "Quality Assessment and quality assurance". They are like two sides of a coin. The formen refers to the internal and external evaluation used to assess the overall teaching research performance of the institution. There is a need for teachers in community health, guidance and counselling, research strategies, competitions personal development and student support services.

To analyze genetic variability of 48 brinjal genotypes by Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers, four primers named smSSR01, smSSR03, smSSR11 and smSSR14 were selected for analyze the data. Four primers generated clear bands and a total of 44 alleles were detected among the 48 brinjal genotypes (9.0 to 14.0 alleles per locus with a mean of 11.0 alleles per locus). According to Nei's (1973), the highest level of gene diversity value 0.8672 was observed in loci smSSR11 and the lowest level of gene diversity value 0.6580 was observed in the loci smSSR14 with a mean diversity of 0.7847. As a measure of the informativeness of microsatellites, the PIC value ranges from a low of 0.6413 (smSSR14) to a high of 0.8536 (smSSR11) and averaged 0.7660. The genetic distance (GD) between genotypes was computed from combined data for the four primers, ranging from 0.250 to 1.000. The highest genetic distance (1.000) was observed between Morich Begun (Small) vs. Laffa (Long, Violet), Morich Begun (Small) vs. BARI Begun-1 and many other genotype pairs and also the lowest genetic distance (0.250) was found in Morich Begun (Small) vs. Pahoza-2, Morich Begun (Small) vs. BAU Begun-1, Singnath (Long, Violet) vs. Laffa BAU (Long, Violet), Borka (Long, Green) vs. Purple Long and many other genotype pairs. The Unweighed Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) cluster tree analysis lead to the grouping of the 48 genotypes into seven major clusters and the genotypes that are derivatives of genetically similar type form cluster together. Maximum brinjal genotypes include cluster IV. The SSR markers used in the present study were able to differentiate forty eight brinjal genotypes genetically. The results of the study suggested that SSR can be used as a suitable genetic marker to identify the brinjal genotypes. However, further studies involving large number of genotypes and primers need to be conducted to get more precise information and help enhance the knowledge of students and researchers relating to molecular characterization of other solanaceious crops.

The Lee model code is used in numerical experiments for characterizing and optimizing neon soft X-ray (Ysxr) yield of UNU/ICTP PFF machine operated at 14 kV and 30 µF. The neon Ysxr yield of the dense plasma focus device is enhanced by reducing static inductance (L0) and anode length (z0) along with increasing anode radius (a) and cathode radius (b), keeping their ratio (c = b/a) constant at 3.368. At the optimum combination of the electrodes geometry and static inductance, the maximum computed value of neon Ysxr yield is 63.61 J at operating pressure 3.3 Torr with corresponding X-ray yield efficiency 2.16%,while the end axial speed becomes 6.42 cm/µs. This value of neon Ysxr yield is twelve to thirteen times higher than the measured value (5.4 ± 1 J) at 3.0 Torr. It is also found that this neon Ysxr yield is improved around seven times from previously computed value (9.5 J) at 3.5Torr for optimum anode configuration of this machine. Our obtained results of neon Ysxr yield are also compared with the computed results of AECS-PF2 machine operated at 15 kV and 25 µF and is found that our results are about three times better than that from the optimized AECS-PF2 at L0 = 15 nH.