In an unprecedented response to the rapid decline in wild tiger populations, the Heads of Government of the 13 tiger range countries endorsed the St. Petersburg Declaration in November 2010, pledging to double the wild tiger population. We conducted a landscape analysis of tiger habitat to determine if a recovery of such magnitude is possible. The reserves in 20 priority tiger landscapes can potentially support >10,000 tigers, almost thrice the current estimate. However, most core reserves where tigers breed are small and land-use change in rapidly developing Asia threatens to increase reserve and population isolation. Maintaining population viability and resilience will depend upon a landscape approach to manage tigers as metapopulations. Thus, both site-level protection and landscape-scale interventions to secure habitat corridors are simultaneous imperatives. Co-benefits, such as payment schemes for carbon and other ecosystem services, should be employed as strategies to mainstream landscape conservation in tiger habitat into development processes.

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Bangladesh has been a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) although implementation of the convention has been poor. We independently assessed the extent to which the program of work (POW) of the CBD has been implemented in Bangladesh by carrying out workshops involving local communities, conservation organizations, universities, and government departments involved in forest conservation. Our analyses indicate that there is little or no understanding of the

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It can be concluded that the ethyl acetate extract of stem bark of M. zapota L. possesses significant antitumour activity.

Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that replicates solely within a membrane-bound vacuole termed an inclusion. Chlamydia seems to perturb multiple cellular processes of the host, such as, rearrangement of the membrane trafficking system for its intracellular multiplication, and inhibition of host cell apoptosis for persistent infection. In an attempt to clarify host factor involvement in apoptosis regulation, we found that inhibition of Caspase-9 restricted, while Apaf-1 promoted, Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in HEp-2, HeLa, and mouse epithelial fibroblast (MEF) cells. These opposition contributions to the chlamydial infection were confirmed using caspase-9−/− and apaf-1−/− MEFs. Similar phenomena also appeared in the case of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Interestingly, caspase-9 in apaf-1−/− MEFs was activated by chlamydial infection but during the infection caspase-3 was not activated. That is, caspase-9 was activated without support for multiplication and activation by Apaf-1, and the activated caspase-9 may be physically disconnected from the caspase cascade. This may be partially explained by the observation of caspase-9 accumulation within chlamydial inclusions. The sequestration of caspase-9 by chlamydia seems to result in apoptosis repression, which is crucial for the chlamydial development cycle. Because Apaf-1 shares domains with intracellular innate immune receptor NOD1, it may play a key role in the strategy to regulate chlamydial infection.

This study deals with the inspection of physical, chemical and microbiological quality of liquid cow's milk collected from four different dairy farms in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Several milk compositions were examined and assessed to the Bangladesh Standards (BDS) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Results showed that tastes of all milk samples were slightly sweet and the mean specific gravity (1.029±0.0025 to 1.032±0.0015) was within standard range. The color of milk of sample 1 displayed similarity to sample 3, and likewise sample 2 to sample 4. However, all milk samples were normal except sample 2 which indicated cowy flavor and odor. The average statistics for fat (3.40±0.26), protein (3.47±0.11), total solids (12.16±0.33), solid not fat (8.76±0.32), acidity (0.19±0.03) and pH (6.67±0.10) were recorded. The Microbiological conclusion confirmed the presence of microbial population in all milk samples. The highest level of microbial quality in Standard Plate Count (SPC) was 38.1×10 6 cfu/ml in sample 3 and in logarithm the value is 7.58 cfu/ml. Grades of milk were evaluated by Methyl Blue Reduction Test (MBRT) and this phenomenon testified that milk of sample 2 was fair in qualities than others. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the average values of acidity between results of milk samples to the BDS and FAO standards.