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area, length, width, thickness, surface area, geometric mean diameter), shape (shape index, sphericity, roundness, and elongation), and gravimetric (mass and volume) features of the 17 common hazelnut cultivars were also determined via an image processing technique.An analysis of variance was performed to test the differences among these variables in a descriptive method. We found that EFA provided excellent discrimination between the hazelnut cultivars with respect to their shape features. Elliptische Fourier-Analyse in der Formunterscheidung für türkische Haselnuss-KultivareZusammenfassung Für Agrarprodukte stellt die Form der Frucht eine wesentliche physikalische Eigenschaft dar und ist folglich ein wichtiger Parameter, der die Qualität widerspiegelt. In der vorliegende Studie wurden anhand digitaler Bilder und mit Hilfe von Formdeskriptoren aus der elliptischen Fourier-Analyse (EFA), einer formbasierten Methodik, Formvariationen unter den siebzehn in der Türkei angebauten Haselnuss-Kultivaren festgestellt. Im nächsten Schritt wurde eine Hauptkomponentenanalyse (Principal Component Analysis (PCA)) eingesetzt, um die Variationen unter den Kultivaren zusammenzufassen. Anschließend wurde eine lineare Diskriminanzanalyse durchgeführt -hierfür wurden die ersten vier Hauptkomponenten aus der PCA, die 93,9 % der Gesamtvarianz darstellen, verwendet, um zwischen den siebzehn verschiedenen Kultivaren zu unterscheiden. Die Berechnungen der Hotellingsche T-Quadrat-Verteilung (aus dem Gebiet der Abstract Shape is a crucial physical property of agricultural products and hence is an important parameter for assessing the quality standard. In the present study, shape variations among 17 hazelnut cultivars grown in Turkey were revealed from their digital images using shape descriptors obtained from elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA), which is a shape-based methodology. Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to summarize the variations among the hazelnut cultivars. This was followed by linear discriminant analysis using the first four principal components, representing 93.9 % of the total variance, obtained from the PCA to discriminate the 17 hazelnut cultivars. Estimates of Hotelling's pairwise comparisons from the multivariate analysis based on the shape variables obtained from the EFA revealed ideal shape differences between the hazelnut cultivars. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the cultivars into six clusters according to their shape characteristics. In addition, size (projected

Strength properties and dynamic coefficient of friction of popcorn kernels were evaluated as a function of moisture content in the range of 7.78-16.72 g/100 g dry solids. In order to determine strength properties of the kernels that are in terms of deformation at rupture point, rupture force, energy absorbed, hardness, and toughness of the popcorn kernels were quasi-statically loaded between two parallel plates. To determine frictional properties, friction tests were performed on aluminum, steel, and fiberglass surfaces. The values related to the strength properties, in general, decreased as the moisture content increased. On the other hand, the dynamic coefficient of friction of the popcorn kernels increased with increasing moisture content.

A b s t r a c t. The seeds of two safflower cultivars were investigated in order to determine their frictional and aerodynamic properties as a function of moisture content. The coefficients of dynamic friction of cultivars on aluminium, plywood, fibreglass and steel surfaces increased by 87, 56, 78, and 129% for cv. Remzibey-05 seed, and by 91, 31, 71, and 131% for cv. Dinçer seed, respectively, between the initial and final moisture content levels. The terminal velocities of the Remzibey-05 and Dinçer seeds increased by 15 and 11%, respectively, with increase in moisture content between the initial and final levels.K e y w o r d s: safflower seed, moisture content, frictional properties, aerodynamic properties

41Physico-mechanical seed properties of the common Turkish bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) for 'Hinis' and 'Ispir', respectively. The average 1000 seed weight, bulk density, and porosity were determined as: 531.3 and 598.9 g, 835.8 and 872.7 kg m -3 , and 34.0% and 33.1% for 'Hinis' and 'Ispir', respectively. The average angle of repose and terminal velocity were 24.52° and 19.46°, and 11.42 and 11.80 m s -1 in 'Hinis' and 'Ispir' respectively. The highest coefficient of dynamic friction was obtained with an aluminium surface in both cultivars as 0.227 for 'Hinis' and 0.199 for 'Ispir'. This was followed by fibreglass, steel, plywood, and glass surfaces. Both cultivars had white testae. The average value of rupture force, deformation at rupture point, energy absorbed, hardness, and toughness along the

IntroductionField crops are defined as any of the herbaceous plants grown on a large scale in cultivated fields, primarily grains, forage, sugar, oil, or fiber crops that are used as raw material by various branches of industry (Zia-Ul-Haq et al., 2014;Ahmad et al., 2015;Cesur et al., 2018).Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) is a perennial, deeprooted, drought-resistant, common forage legume. It is a good source for animal feeding, veterinary, soil improvement, and bee pollen and nectar. It ranks third among forage legumes after alfalfa and cow vetches, with acreage of 193,694 ha, and had a production of 1,982,047 tons in Turkey in 2016 (TÜİK, 2017). Information about the physical and mechanical properties of the plants is necessary in the design and development of machines such as choppers, mowers, harrows, and balers. Methods and procedures for determining the mechanical and rheological properties of agricultural products were described by Mohsenin (1980). Several studies have been conducted to determine the mechanical properties of plants. The bending and shearing properties of the stem or stalk of plants, together with the modulus elasticity when bending, are important mechanical properties for the design of cutting or chopping units. These mechanical properties vary depending on the species, variety, climatic conditions, stalk diameter, plant stem height, moisture content, cellular structure, and maturity. Many studies have been carried out to determine the mechanical properties of plant stems, such as sorghum (Cattopadhyay

Some physical such as length, width, thickness, mass, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and surface area and mechanical properties such as deformation at cracking, cracking force, energy absorbed and hardness of nuts and kernels were determined at three orientations first time for two walnut cultivars, namely 'Maraş-18' and 'Yalova-1' widely grown in Turkey. For nuts, the average length (45.48 mm), mass (12.70 g), geometric mean diameter (36.83 mm) and surface area (42.66 cm 2 ) were the highest in cv. 'Yalova-1' while width (34.18 mm), thickness (33.74 mm), shell thickness (1.48 mm) and sphericity (87.41%) were the highest in cv. 'Maraş-18' . For all the loading orientations, the values of deformation at cracking, cracking force, energy absorbed and hardness of cv. 'Maraş-18' were higher than those of cv. 'Yalova-1' . The effect of loading orientation to kernel extraction quality was found insignificant for both walnut cultivars.