Comparison of Some Physico-Mechanical Nut and Kernel Properties of Two Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Cultivars

Abstract

Some physical such as length, width, thickness, mass, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and surface area and mechanical properties such as deformation at cracking, cracking force, energy absorbed and hardness of nuts and kernels were determined at three orientations first time for two walnut cultivars, namely 'Maraş-18' and 'Yalova-1' widely grown in Turkey. For nuts, the average length (45.48 mm), mass (12.70 g), geometric mean diameter (36.83 mm) and surface area (42.66 cm 2 ) were the highest in cv. 'Yalova-1' while width (34.18 mm), thickness (33.74 mm), shell thickness (1.48 mm) and sphericity (87.41%) were the highest in cv. 'Maraş-18' . For all the loading orientations, the values of deformation at cracking, cracking force, energy absorbed and hardness of cv. 'Maraş-18' were higher than those of cv. 'Yalova-1' . The effect of loading orientation to kernel extraction quality was found insignificant for both walnut cultivars.

Some physical properties of ginkgo nuts and kernels

“…The mean value of length, width, and thickness of the ginkgo kernels were 20.58 (±1.46), 12.84 (± 1.17), and 12.24 (±0.98) mm, respectively. These values were higher than those reported for coriander seeds (Balasubramanian et al, 2012) and hemp seeds (Taheri-Garavand et al, 2012), but lower than for Parkia speciosa seeds (Abdullah et al, 2011) and for kernels of both varieties of walnuts (Maraj-18 and Yalova-1) (Ercisli et al, 2011). In comparison, it was found that the length of the ginkgo nut and its kernel was larger than that of the hazel nuts (Aydin, 2002), but for the width and the thickness, it was found that the hazel nuts and kernels were bigger than the ginkgo nuts and kernels, respectively.…”

“…When compared to other seeds, it was found that the sphericity of the ginkgo nut was similar to that of an almond nut (Aydin, 2003), but lower than that of the pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) nut (Kashaninejad et al, 2006), filbert nut (Pliestic et al, 2006), and hazel nut (Aydin, 2002). The sphericity of the ginkgo kernel was found to be higher than that of Parkia speciosa seeds (Abdullah et al, 2011), almond kernels (Aydin, 2003), and pistachio kernels (Pistacia vera L.) (Kashaninejad et al, 2006), but lower than that of hazel kernels (Aydin, 2002) and the kernels of both varieties of walnuts (Maraj-18 and Yalova-1) (Ercisli et al, 2011). The mean mass of the nuts was 2.583 g (±0.298), while the kernels were found to be 2.083 g (±0.242).…”

“…Figure 1 shows the frequency distribution curves of the three dimensions of the nut at the 45.53% moisture content and kernel at the 60.13% moisture content. Approximately 75% of the nuts had a length ranging from 24.10 to 27.90 mm, (Balasubramanian et al, 2012) but lower than filbert nuts (Pliestic et al, 2006) and both varieties of walnuts ie Maraj-18 and Yalova-1 (Ercisli et al, 2011). The mean value of length, width, and thickness of the ginkgo kernels were 20.58 (±1.46), 12.84 (± 1.17), and 12.24 (±0.98) mm, respectively.…”

“…Generally, the measurement of the mass, length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, surface area, volume, true density, bulk density, porosity, sphericity, aspect ratio, and static friction on different types of surfaces were reported by researchers as the required basic physical properties of nuts. In the literature, we can find some examples of physical and mechanical properties of nuts or seeds such as nutmeg seeds (Abdullah et al, 2010), almond nuts (Aydin, 2003), pistachio nuts (Kashaninejad et al, 2006), and walnuts (Ercisli et al, 2011).…”

Determination of some botanical, phenological, physical and chemical characteristics of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes grown in Tureky

“…This plant is native to central Asia and grows as a wild or semi-cultivated tree in a wide area from southeastern Europe and the Caucasus to Turkey and Iran, through southern portions of the former Soviet Union into China and the eastern Himalayas (Ercisli et al, 2011).…”