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Abstract-The increasing world population, and therefore the increasing of the energy demand bring us to the scenario in which the energetic solutions have to be supported by the renewable energy sources, i.e., solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, etc. Due to the geographic location of Ecuador, these types of energy sources can be considered during the analysis, design and implementation of a rural electrification system. An off-grid electrification is helpful, especially for providing electrical energy in remote areas. The purpose of this work is to analyse and propose a suitable energetic off-grid system solution for rural electrification in a selected county placed in Ecuador. This study is based on insitu measurements of energy consumption as well as on the quantification of possible energy sources, i.e., solar and wind energy. This analysis is carried out with the help of a simulation tool. Considering the real obtained data, the electric load profile for a community is estimated and a complete system is proposed. Additionally, technical and economic details of a Wind-Solar energy system are presented.Keywords Abstract-The increasing world population, and therefore the increasing of the energy demand bring us to the scenario in which the energetic solutions have to be supported by the renewable energy sources, i.e., solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, etc. Due to the geographic location of Ecuador, these types of energy sources can be considered during the analysis, design and implementation of a rural electrification system. An off-grid electrification is helpful, especially for providing electrical energy in remote areas.The purpose of this work is to analyze and propose a suitable energetic off-grid system solution for rural electrification in a selected county placed in Ecuador. This study is based on in-situ measurements of energy consumption as well as on the quantification of possible energy sources, i.e., solar and wind energy. This analysis is carried out with the help of a simulation tool. Considering the real obtained data, the electric load profile for a community is estimated and a complete system is proposed. Additionally, technical and economic details of a Wind-Solar energy system are presented.

Relative simplicity of use, no pollutions and high-efficiency are some of the advantages that will make fuel cells one of the best devices for getting electrical energy in the near future. Micro- and mesoscale modeling of fuel cells gives an important perspective about their efficiency and behavior during the energy conversion process. Due to the high cost of carrying out laboratory experiments related to different materials at the micro- and mesoscales, modeling and simulation of the different elements of the fuel cells are a useful approach and a point of departure for the experimental validation. This paper describes fuel cell modeling starting with the fundamentals, including physical and chemical characteristics of fuel cells, moving to the current state of the study of modeling based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). The principal characteristics and elements of the fuel cells are presented in general as well as the main differences between the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). Fuel cells have several parts that are modeled on the micro- and mesoscale level. These parts, conditions and governing equations for different transport phenomena are displayed in this manuscript. A detailed description of the main issues, advantages and recent advances related to Lattice Boltzmann Method as a method for modeling several physical processes that take place within fuel cells are presented.