Malay is the National Language of Malaysia. English is an important second language. Many of the older lawyers are more comfortable and proficient in English as English was the medium of instruction when they were in school. The younger lawyers had Malay as the medium of instruction and are consequently more comfortable in Malay. It was therefore hypothesized that code-switching would be used in a courtroom setting and the objective of this research is to investigate the functions of code-switching used by key personnel in a courtroom, i. e. lawyers, judges and witnesses.
This study surveys the linguistic landscape in a particular area of Pakistan, and explores the use of languages, and the pervasiveness of English in the localized non‐Roman script. Although English functions as a foreign language for most Pakistanis, it occurs extensively in signage in public places. Following the analysis of multiple data sources such as interviews of businesspeople and photographs of private signboards/billboards, wall advertisements, roadside signposts and posters, the results suggest that Englishized Urdu and Urduized English predominate in the linguistic landscape, while local/indigenous languages remain completely absent.
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