Objective SLE is known to have an aggressive phenotype in black populations, but data from African cohorts are largely lacking. We therefore compared immunological and clinical profiles between Sudanese and Swedish patients using similar tools. Methods Consecutive SLE patients from Sudan (n = 115) and Sweden (n = 340) and from 106 Sudanese and 318 Swedish age- and sex-matched controls were included. All patients fulfilled the 1982 ACR classification criteria for SLE. Ten ANA-associated specificities and C1q-binding immune complexes (CICs) were measured. Cut-offs were established based on Sudanese and Swedish controls, respectively. Disease activity was measured with a modified SLEDAI and organ damage with the SLICC Damage Index. In a nested case–control design, Swedish and Sudanese patients were matched for age and disease duration. Results Females constituted 95.6% and 88.1% of Sudanese and Swedish patients, respectively (P = 0.02), with younger age at inclusion (33 vs 47.7 years; P < 0.0001) and shorter disease duration (5 vs 14 years; P < 0.0001) among Sudanese patients. Anti-Sm antibodies were more frequent in Sudanese patients, whereas anti-dsDNA, anti-histone and CICs were higher in Swedish patients. In the matched analyses, there was a trend for higher SLEDAI among Swedes. However, Sudanese patients had more damage, solely attributed to high frequencies of cranial/peripheral neuropathy and diabetes. Conclusion While anti-Sm is more common in Sudan than in Sweden, the opposite is found for anti-dsDNA. Sudanese patients had higher damage scores, mainly because of neuropathy and diabetes. Sudanese patients were younger, with a shorter SLE duration, possibly indicating a more severe disease course with impact on survival rates.

Objective.To compare clinical characteristics and treatment between simultaneously investigated Sudanese and Swedish outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods.Outpatients with RA from Sudan (n = 281) and Sweden (n = 542) diagnosed according to the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria were recruited between December 2008 and September 2010 and compared concerning clinical presentation, treatment, and laboratory findings, including immunoglobulin M with rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF).Results.Sudanese patients had lower inclusion age (median 49 vs 68 yrs), disease duration (48 vs 107 mos), and disease onset age (43 vs 56 yrs) as compared with Swedish patients (p < 0.0001 for all). When stratified concerning the age of inclusion, Swedish patients between 41–50 years had, however, a significantly lower age of onset, with a similar trend for all age groups above 30 years. The female preponderance was higher among Sudanese patients (89.3% vs 72.5%, p < 0.0001), and smoking was nonexistent among Sudanese female patients (p < 0.0001). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels and number of tender joints were significantly higher among Sudanese patients. The proportion of IgM-RF positivity was lower among Sudanese patients with RA (52.4% vs 75.5%, p < 0.0001). Higher proportions of Sudanese patients with RA were treated with methotrexate (MTX) and disease-modifying antirheumatic drug combinations, but none of them used biologics. Sudanese patients used lower doses of MTX and sulfasalazine (p < 0.0001) and higher doses of prednisolone (p < 0.0001) than Swedish patients.Conclusion.Sudanese patients with RA have significantly higher disease activity and are often IgM-RF–seronegative. Together with reports from Uganda and Cameroon, our data indicate a cluster of highly active and often seronegative RA in central Africa.

Objective Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide 2 antibodies (anti-CCP2) and rheumatoid factor (RF) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been extensively assessed in industrialized countries. We investigated the diagnostic and prognostic impact of anti-CCP2 and RF isotypes in a Sudanese cross-sectional RA cohort. Methods Consecutive RA patients (n = 281) diagnosed according to the 1987 ACR criteria were included 2008-2010. Anti-CCP2 and RF isotypes (IgA, IgM, and IgG) were measured by enzyme immunoassay in 262 patients, with reference intervals aligned to the same diagnostic specificity as for anti-CCP2 (97.6%) using national controls. Results IgA RF was the predominant RA-associated autoantibody (56%), followed by IgM RF and anti-CCP2 (both 52%) and IgG RF (49%). In receiver operator characteristic analysis, IgA RF also showed the largest area under the curve. Patients with IgG RF were younger and had 8 years lower median age of disease onset compared to antibody negative patients (p < 0.0001). IgG RF was the only marker associated with a high number of involved joints (p = 0.028), and together with anti-CCP2 were the strongest markers for finger deformities (p = 0.016 and p = 0.012), respectively. No statistical differences were found for disease duration, ESR and Hb levels, and occurrence of erosions/osteopenia for any of the investigated autoantibodies. Conclusion Whereas IgA RF showed the best diagnostic performance, IgG RF associated with low age of RA onset, high number of involved joints, and finger deformities. These findings indicate that RA-associated antibodies other than conventional IgM RF and anti-CCP2 might be informative in non-Caucasian RA populations.

Objectives IgA antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are prevalent in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients of African American, Afro-Caribbean and South African origin. Nevertheless, data from North Africa are lacking, and most studies use manufacturer-suggested cut-offs based on Caucasian controls. Therefore, we compared aPL isotypes in Sudanese and Swedish SLE patients using nation-based cut-offs. Methods Consecutive SLE patients and age- and sex-matched controls from Sudan ( N = 115/106) and Sweden ( N = 340/318) were included. All patients fulfilled the 1982 American College of Rheumatology SLE classification criteria. Antiphospholipid syndrome–related events were obtained from patients’ records. IgA/G/M anticardiolipin and anti-β2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) were analysed with two independent assays. IgA anti-β2GPI domain 1 (D1) was also investigated. Manufacturers’ cut-offs and the 95th and 99th percentile cut-offs based on national controls were used. Results Sudanese patients and controls had higher levels and were more often positive for IgA aPL than Swedes when using manufacturers’ cut-offs. In contrast, using national cut-offs, the increase in IgA aPL among Sudanese patients was lost. Occurrence of IgA anti-D1 did not differ between the countries. Venous thromboses were less common among Sudanese patients and did not associate with aPL. No clinical associations were observed with IgA anti-β2GPI in Sudanese patients. Thromboses in Swedes were associated with IgG/M aPL. Fetal loss was associated with aPL in both cohorts. Conclusions IgA anti-β2GPI prevalence was higher among Sudanese compared to Swedish patients when manufacturers’ cut-offs were used. This situation was reversed when applying national cut-offs. Anti-D1 was not increased in Sudanese patients. Previous studies on populations of African origin, which demonstrate a high prevalence of IgA aPL positivity, should be re-evaluated using a similar cut-off approach.

Introduction. Data examining the health of menopausal women and the prevalence of osteoporosis remain to be limited in Africa, especially in sub-Saharan countries. Thus, in this current study, we aimed to assess the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and anthropometric measurements of osteoporotic postmenopausal women and determine their risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods. This is a cross-sectional, community-based study. Postmenopausal women (n = 300), aged ≥45 years, were recruited from Khartoum state, Sudan. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess bone density. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured twice. Fasting blood samples (5 ml) were collected to determine total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). AIP was calculated as an indicator of CVD risk. Results. The mean age of the postmenopausal women was 61.6 ± 10.2 years (range 47–90 years). Women (n = 80) had the normal T-score, and an equal number had osteoporosis (n = 110) and osteopenia (n = 110). The prevalence of osteoporosis was 36.7%. Many postmenopausal women with normal T-scores suffered from general (71.2%) and central (94%) obesity. Postmenopausal women had high TC (24.4%), TG (25.6%), LDL-C (13.7%), and low HDL-C (76.0%) levels. Osteoporotic women (36.4%) were found to have a medium to high risk of CVD as determined by AIP. Women with normal T-scores had a higher number of CVD risk factors. A positive correlation was noted between AIP and TC among osteopenic (r = 0.292; P = 0.002 ) and osteoporotic women (r = 0.265; P < 0.001 ). Conclusion. Osteoporosis was prevalent among Sudanese postmenopausal women who also had an increased risk for CVD. Public health education about osteoporosis and CVD risk is thus recommended.

Background: Osteoporosis and menopausal women’s health had paucity data from Africa, especially Sub-Saharan countries. The current study aimed to assess the relationship between lipid profile, atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), anthropometric measurements, and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among osteoporotic Sudanese postmenopausal women.Methods: An epidemiological, cross-sectional comparative, community-based study was conducted. Postmenopausal women (n = 300), aged 47- 90 years, with an average one year postmenopause, were recruited from various centers in Khartoum State. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to assess bone density. DEXA scan was interpreted in terms of T-score as per World Health Organization guidelines. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured twice following standard protocols. In addition, fasting blood samples (5ml) were collected for the determination of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). AIP was calculated as an indicator for CVD risk. Blood samples were assayed on the Roche/Hitachi Cobas c311 system (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 26. Results: The mean age of the postmenopausal women was 61.7±10.3 years, with 80 women having normal T-score and an equal number of osteoporotic and osteopenic (n = 110 each). Most women (59%) aged 47-64 years. The prevalence of osteoporosis was 36.7%. Many postmenopausal women with normal BMD suffered from general (68%) and central obesity (94%) compared with their counterparts. Hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL-C, hypo-HDL-C were identified among 26.4%, 31%, 16.3%, and 32.7% osteoporotic women respectively. Osteoporotic postmenopausal (36.4%) women had medium to high risk of CVD according to their AIPs. There was a significantly inverse correlation between age and HDL-C (r= -0.205; p=0.032) whereas positive association between AIP and TC (r=0.230; p=0.016), among osteoporotic women. Osteoporotic (52%) and osteopenic (42%) women had ≥2 CVD risk factors. Multiple Linear regression analysis showed T-score value decreased significantly with age and AIP and increased with BMI. Conclusion: Osteoporosis is prevalent among Sudanese postmenopausal women who are at increased risk for CVD. Necessary steps are needed for public education and wider dissemination of information about osteoporosis, CVD and their prevention.