Background:Even though there is increasing evidence that the built environment (BE) has an influence on leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), little is known about this relationship in developing countries. The objective of this study was to assess the associations between objective built environment characteristics and LTPA.Methods:A cross-sectional multilevel study was conducted in 27 neighborhoods in which 1315 adults aged 18−65 years were surveyed. An adapted version of the IPAQ (long version) was used to assess LTPA. Objective BE characteristics were obtained using Geographic Information Systems. Associations were assessed using multilevel polytomous logistic regression.Results:Compared with inactive people, those who resided in neighborhoods with the highest tertile dedicated to parks (7.4% to 25.2%) were more likely to be regularly active (POR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.13−3.72; P = 0.021). Those who resided in neighborhoods with presence of TransMilenio stations (mass public transportation system) were more likely to be irregularly active (POR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.07−1.50, P = 0.009) as compared with inactive people.Conclusions:These findings showed that park density and availability of TransMilenio stations at neighborhood level are positively associated with LTPA. Public health efforts to address physical inactivity should consider the potential influences of urban planning and mass public transportation systems on health.
Abstract. Electroacoustic music lacks a definitive vocabulary for describing its spatiality. Not only does it lack a vocabulary for describing the spatial attributes of individual sound sources, it lacks a vocabulary for describing how these attributes participate in artistic expression. Following work by Rumsey, the definition of spatial attributes is examined in the broader context of auditory scene analysis. A limited number of spatial attributes are found to be adequate to characterize the individual levels of organization nested within the auditory scene. These levels are then viewed in relationship to auditory spatial schemata, the recurrent patterns by which listeners understand the behavior of sound in space. In electroacoustic music the interrelationship of spatial attributes and spatial schemata is often engaged in a play of perceptual grouping that blurs and confounds distinctions like source and ensemble. Our ability to describe and categorize these complex interactions depends on having clear concepts and terminology.
Anechoic recordings of balloon bursts were systematically acquired for various conditions of balloon diameters, puncture location, and inflation pressure. The recordings were analyzed to derive the average frequency spectrum over the effective duration of the acoustic impulse. Although the data show the well-known limitations for the impulse responses (in terms of repeatability and directional behavior) when viewed at high resolution, the results are quite consistent when averaged over one-third octave bands and reveal that the diameter factor (the ratio between the diameter of the inflated balloon to that of its stated maximum), rather than the overall diameter of the balloon, is a good indicator of the sound pressure level, especially above 200 Hz. The study proposes some simple empirical formulas to predict the quantitative sound pressure level and the qualitative spectral response (using the spectral centroid & skewness) from balloon bursts, based on the inflation factor as a variable. The study also offers suggestions to maximize the value of the balloon-burst methodology in building acoustics measurements by describing an effective way to measure reverberation time while simultaneously acquiring useful directional information associated with the reflected sound.
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