According to our social-role theory of gender and helping, the male gender role fosters helping that is heroic and chivalrous, whereas the female gender role fosters helping that is nurturant and caring. In social psychological studies, helping behavior has been examined in the context of short-term encounters with strangers. This focus has tended to exclude from the research literature those helping behaviors prescribed by the female gender role, because they are displayed primarily in long-term, close relationships. In contrast, the helping behaviors prescribed by the male gender role have been generously represented in research findings because they are displayed in relationships with strangers as well as in close relationships. Results from our meta-analytic review of sex differences in helping behavior indicate that in general men helped more than women and women received more help than men. Nevertheless, sex differences in helping were extremely inconsistent across studies and were successfully predicted by various attributes of the studies and the helping behaviors. These predictors were interpreted in terms of several aspects of our social-role theory of gender and helping.
Introduction: The concept of self-esteem has several
definitions in different paradigms. Nursing has a unique and combined paradigm; therefore
it is necessary to explore nursing students’ understanding of the concept of self-esteem.
The present study aimed to discover the extent and characteristics of the concept of
self-esteem from the perspective of Iranian nursing students through a qualitative
approach.
Methods: This study was conducted using the conventional
content analysis method with the participation of 14 nursing students. Purposive sampling
was used to recruit participants and data were collected through in-depth semi-structured
interviews and analyzed simultaneously.
Results: Study findings showed that the nursing students’
self-esteem is related to the sense of worthy they perceived as being a nursing student.
Nursing students’ self-esteem was determined through sense of worthy related to their
perceived professionalism level, socialization into the profession, and enthusing of them
about being a nursing student.
Conclusion: If a nursing student was proud of her or his
nursing role, then he or she would enjoy the nursing course and all that entailed; such as
communication with colleagues, performing the tasks and, generally her or his career.
The purpose of this audiovisual counseling study was to determine if variations in counselor nonverbal behavior result in enhanced or debilitated perceptions of counselor expertness, attractiveness, trustworthiness, and helpfulness. Three groups of participants rated the perceived expertness, attractiveness, trustworthiness, and helpfulness of a counselor emitting nonverbal behavior at a high, moderate, or low frequency. In addition, a fourth group rated the perceived expertness, attractiveness, trustworthiness, and helpfulness of the counselor role. Results indicate that: (a) low frequency counselor nonverbal behavior results in debilitated perceptions of counselors; (b) the counselor role is perceived as moderately expert, attractive, trustworthy, and helpful; and (c) compared with the counselor role, high frequency counselor nonverbal behavior does not enhance the perceived expertness, attractiveness, trustworthiness, and helpfulness of counselors. Implications for counseling practice, theory, and research are discussed.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.