The design and selection of 3D modeled hand gestures for human-computer interaction should follow principles of natural language combined with the need to optimize gesture contrast and recognition. The selection should also consider the discomfort and fatigue associated with distinct hand postures and motions, especially for common commands. Sign language interpreters have extensive and unique experience forming hand gestures and many suffer from hand pain while gesturing. Professional sign language interpreters (N=24) rated discomfort for hand gestures associated with 47 characters and words and 33 hand postures. Clear associations of discomfort with hand postures were identified. In a nominal logistic regression model, high discomfort was associated with gestures requiring a flexed wrist, discordant adjacent fingers, or extended fingers. These and other findings should be considered in the design of hand gestures to optimize the relationship between human cognitive and physical processes and computer gesture recognition systems for human-computer input.
Direct touch displays can improve the human-computer experience and productivity; however, the higher hand locations may increase shoulder fatigue. Palm rejection (PR) technology may reduce shoulder loads by allowing the palms to rest on the display and increase productivity by registering the touched content and fingertips through the palms rather than shoulders. The effects of PR were evaluated by having participants perform touch tasks while posture and reaction force on the display were measured. Enabling PR, during which the subjects could place the palms on the display (but were not required to), resulted in increased wrist extension, force applied to the display and productivity, and less discomfort, but had no effect on the self-selected positioning of the display. Participants did not deliberately place their palms on the display; therefore, there was no reduction in shoulder load and the increased productivity was not due to improved hand registration. The increased productivity may have been due to reduced interruptions from palm contacts or reduced motor control demands.
Multi-touch trackpads have the advantage over traditional pointing devices (mice) in being able to recognize and act on finger gestures, such as pinching, rotating, and swiping. The primary objective of this study was to quantify the effects of desktop-trackpad size and input mapping on performance, posture and discomfort. Three trackpad sizes (112X63 mm, 178X100 mm, 230 X130 mm) and two types of input mapping, the traditional relative mapping with ‘cursor acceleration’ and absolute mapping, were tested. Subjects performed a series of target acquisition tasks (drag and select) while the dependent variables were recorded. Results suggest that peripheral indirect-touch pointing devices with a width between 112 and 178 mm and a depth between 63 and 100 mm may provide an appropriate balance between cost, footprint, performance, and comfort.
In patients and animal models, molecular biomarkers are used as indicators of normal and pathogenic processes. In drug discovery and screening pipelines, molecular biomarkers are used to assess the mechanism of action, efficacy, and toxicity of lead compounds. To address the need for rapid and sensitive biomarker quantitation, we have developed the FirePlex® Technology Platform. Utilizing patented hydrogel particles and a three-region encoding design, FirePlex assays allow for true, in-well multiplexing, providing flexible and customizable quantification of miRNA and protein analytes. To facilitate biomarker discovery studies, we offer our standard-throughput, flow cytometry-based assays which enable quantitation of up to 75 miRNA or protein analytes per sample, from only 20 µl of input. These assays demonstrate 5 logs of dynamic range and offer highly sensitive quantitation of analytes in serum, plasma, cell culture supernatant, urine, and CSF without the need for sample processing or RNA isolation. For drug discovery and screening studies, we offer our high-throughput FirePlex (FirePlex®-HT) Immunoassays for quantitation of up to 10 protein analytes per sample from only 6.25 µl biofluid input, in 384-well plate format. FirePlex-HT assays provide 3-4 logs dynamic range, demonstrate 1-100 pg/ml sensitivity, and have been validated in serum, plasma, and cell culture supernatant. The two-step workflow, no-wash assay format, and readout on high-content imagers limit hands-on time and are amenable to automation, thus making FirePlex-HT ideally suited for high-throughput screening studies. In addition, here we introduce our high-throughput miRNA assays for screening miRNA biomarkers in 96-well or 38-4well plate format, with readout on high-content imagers. Here we present data from miRNA and protein profiling studies using the FirePlex platform, and introduce the simplified workflow of the FirePlex-HT® immunoassays with data demonstrating the performance for quantifying key cytokines in multiplex, in biological samples. Together, this novel combination of multiplexed, high-sensitivity assays and bioinformatics tools enables rapid quantitation of protein biomarker signatures in biofluid specimens. Citation Format: Amy Perea, Russell Neuner, Bianca Heinrich, Graeme Doran, Wayne Austin, Conor Rafferty, Matt Camilleri, Michael Tackett, Long To, Elnaz Atabakhsh, James Murray, Daniel Pregibon. Discovery and screening of protein biomarkers with the FirePlex Technology Platform [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4060.
Computer workstations are increasingly being fitted with multiple large displays. Display placement influences head posture and neck symptoms but the effects of multiple displays are not well known. This study evaluated the placement of two wide displays over a large range of heights and distances. Twenty participants performed internet search tasks with the search window at thirty-six positions, defined by three distances from the eyes (50 to 86 cm), three gaze angles (0 to 28° below the eye horizon), and four lateral distances from the mid-sagittal plane (13 and 32 cm to the left and to the right). Motion capture equipment tracked head and neck postures and simulation software calculated muscular capacities. Regression analyses demonstrated significant (p < 0.001) effects of gaze angle on neck flexion, lateral angle on neck rotation, and the interaction of gaze angle and lateral angle on neck lateral flexion. The moment generating capacities of the trapezius and splenius muscles, and the self-selected display positions, suggest that increases in wide display's field-of-view should be biased vertically (upward).
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