As exigências nutricionais de codornas diferem das de frangos e de galinhas poedeiras. Igualmente, as exigências de codornas japonesas também são distintas das de codornas europeias. Codornas exigem mais proteína (aminoácidos), menos cálcio na ração e digerem melhor os aminoácidos dos alimentos em comparação e a energia de alimentos fibrosos. Esses animais ainda aproveitam a energia do milho e do farelo de soja na mesma proporção que os frangos. Da mesma forma que os frangos, as codornas exigem mais energia para mantença, quando alojadas no piso, e menos, quando submetidas às altas temperaturas ambiente. Conclui-se que rações formuladas para frangos e galinhas não devem ser usadas na alimentação de codornas europeias e japonesas.

-The objective of this study was to evaluate the requirement of digestible tryptophan for white laying hens in the production stage fed diets of different digestible tryptophan:digestible lysine ratios, as well as animal performance and histological alterations in their reproductive and digestive systems. A total of 280 white laying hens at 29 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and seven replications with eight birds in each. The treatments consisted of a base feed, formulated with corn, soybean meal and corn gluten meal, and supplemented with the synthetic amino acids L-lysine, DL-methionine, L-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-arginine, and L-valine, so as to meet the nutritional requirements for laying hens, except for digestible tryptophan. The basal diet was supplemented with 0.00; 0.017; 0.035; 0.052; and 0.069 g/kg of L-tryptophan in substitution for corn starch with the objective of reaching the levels of 0.151; 0.167; 0.183; 0.199; and 0.215 g/kg of digestible tryptophan in the feed. For the ratio between digestible amino acids and lysine, the recommendation of Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine was followed, except for the digestible tryptophan: digestible lysine ratios, which were 19, 21, 23, 25 and 27 for each treatment. The variation in the digestible tryptophan: digestible lysine ratio promoted changes in performance and in the histological characteristics, improving the results. The digestible tryptophan:digestible lysine ratio of 24.5% in the feed of white laying hens in production stage promotes better animal performance and histological results.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of protein reduction and supplementation of l-glutamic acid in male broiler diets. A total of 648 chicks of the Cobb 500 strain were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and six replications with eighteen birds per experimental unit. The study comprised pre-starter (1-7 days), starter (8-21 days), growth (22-35 days) and final (36-45 days) phases. The first treatment consisted of a control diet formulated according to the requirements of essential amino acids for each rearing phase. The second and third treatments had crude protein (CP) reduced by 1.8 and 3.6 percentage points (pp) in relation to the control diet respectively. In the fourth treatment, l-glutamic acid was added to provide the same glutamate level as the control diet, and in the last two treatments, the broilers were supplemented with 1 and 2 pp of glutamate above that of the control diet respectively. The reduction in CP decreased the performance of broilers and the supplementation of l-glutamic acid did not influence performance when supplied in the diets with excess of glutamate. The lowest excreted nitrogen values were observed in the control diet, and treatments 2 and 3, respectively, in comparison with treatments with the use of l-glutamic acid (5 and 6). Retention efficiency of nitrogen was better in the control diet and in the treatment with a reduction of 1.8 pp of CP. It was verified that the serum uric acid level decreased with the CP reduction. A reduction in CP levels of up to 21.3%, 18.8%, 18.32% and 17.57% is recommended in phases from 1 to 7, 8 to 21, 22 to 35 and at 36 to 42 days, respectively, with a level of glutamate at 5.32%, 4.73%, 4.57%, 4.38%, also in these phases.

-The objective of this study was to evaluate the reduction of protein, the formulation of diets and supplementation of an enzyme complex for laying hens. The layers were distributed in a completely randomized 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with two levels of crude protein reduction (0.0 and 4.0 g/kg), two kinds of diet formulation (without and with reformulation, considering 75 kcal of metabolizable energy) and two enzyme supplementations (without and with enzyme complex supplementation), totalizing 8 treatments of 8 layers each, with 7 replications, in a total of 448 laying hens at 30 weeks of age. After data analysis, it was found that the enzyme complex supplementation in the diet of layers improves performance, promotes a similar egg quality and improves the bone and intestinal health of the layers.

ABSTRACT. With the objective of evaluating the effect of reducing crude protein (CP) and L-glutamic acid supplementation, Dekalb Brown laying hens with 34 weeks of age. The birds were distributed in six treatments in a completely randomized design, eight replications of eight birds. The control diet contained 17% CP. The second and third treatments had CP reduced by 1.5 and 3.0 percentage points (pp) of CP in relation to the control diet, respectively. In the fourth treatment, was added the same amount of glutamate of the control diet (2.982%), and the last two treatments was added 1 and 2 pp of glutamate in relation to control diet (3.982 and 4.98%), respectively. The treatment with 15.17% CP + 0.341% L-glutamic acid (T4) promoted higher egg production, and the control diet showed greater egg weight than others treatments. There was no significant effect on the variables on quality of eggs. The T4 presented values of excreted nitrogen similar to the others treatments, with lower concentration of uric acid than the control diet and lower cost in the production. In conclusion, it is recommended the treatment with 15.17% CP + 0.341% L-glutamic acid for Brown laying hens with 34 weeks of age.Keywords: egg production, nitrogen, performance, uric acid.Ácido glutâmico suplementado em dietas de baixa proteína para poedeiras semipesadas RESUMO. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da redução da proteína bruta (PB) e suplementação de L-glutamato em poedeiras da linhagem Dekalb Brown com 34 semanas de idade, as aves foram distribuídas em seis tratamentos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com oito repetições. A dieta controle continha 17% PB. Os segundo e terceiro tratamentos tinham redução de 1,5 e 3,0 pontos percentuais (pp) de PB em relação à dieta controle, respectivamente. No quarto tratamento, foi adicionada a mesma quantidade de glutamato da dieta controle (2,982%), e nos dois últimos tratamentos foram adicionados 1 e 2 pp de glutamato em relação à dieta controle (3,982 e 4,98%), respectivamente. O tratamento com 15,17% CP + 0,341% L-glutâmico (T4) promoveu maior produção de ovos, e a ração controle apresentou maior peso de ovos do que os outros tratamentos. Não houve efeito significativo sobre as variáveis relativas à qualidade dos ovos. O T4 apresentou valores de nitrogênio excretado semelhante aos demais tratamentos, com menor concentração de ácido úrico que a dieta controle e menor custo na produção. Em conclusão, recomenda-se o tratamento com 15,17% PB + 0,341% de ácido L-glutâmico para poedeiras semipesadas com 34 semanas de idade.Palavras-chave: produção de ovos, nitrogênio, desempenho, ácido úrico.

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Four experiments were conducted to estimate the phosphorus and calcium requirements for weight maintenance and weight gain in Japanese quails during their growth phase from 16 to 36 days. Japanese quails aged 16 days were used for estimating the phosphorous and calcium requirements for weight maintenance or weight gain, with these quails composing each reference slaughter group and the others distributed in a completely randomized design, housed in cages of galvanized wire (33 × 33 × 16 cm) that were stored in acclimatized chambers with specific environmental temperatures. The light programme used during the 20-day experimental period was 24 h of artificial light. Analysis of the data showed that the prediction equations for estimating the phosphorus and calcium requirements for weight maintenance and weight gain of Japanese quails between 16 and 36 days of age were P (g/quail/day) = P *(9.3695 + 7.7397*T) + 9.70*WG, in which P is the phosphorus requirement, and Ca (g/quail/day) = P *(363.99 - 8.0262*T) + 28.15*WG, in which Ca is the calcium requirement, P is BW (kg), T is temperature (°C) and WG (g/quail/day).