Abstract:Although the effect of taurine on the heart and liver is well studied, there has been no direct observation concerning the effect of taurine on spatial learning and memory at the behavior level. In this study, we tested the effect of subacute taurine supplementation with evaluation by the Morris water maze method. Although swim distance to find the platform of taurine-supplemented rats was significantly longer than that of control rats due to increase of swimming velocity, escape latency and the efficacy of learning and memory was comparable in both groups. These results suggest that taurine supplemented orally does not affect the learning and memory function. Taurine, 2-aminoethylsulfonic acid, is widely distributed throughout the body including the liver and heart. The roles of endogenous taurine in the liver and heart are to increase bile acid secretion by forming bile acid conjugate [2] and regulate Ca 2+ kinetics to protect and improve the heart function [17], respectively. In the brain, taurine is also abundant, especially in the hippocampus, and modulates synaptic transmission as an inhibitory neuromodulator interacting with g-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA A ) or glycine receptors [9,22]. Recent electrophysiological studies using rat brain preparations, however, have shown that taurine application induced long-lasting synaptic potentiation [3,6]. The features of this taurine-induced synaptic potentiation are similar to those of long-term potentiation (LTP) [4,19], which is a typical example of synaptic plasticity, and is thought to be a basic model for learning and memory [8], indicating that taurine is likely to be involved in learning and memory. Despite accumulation of findings on the relationship between taurine and synaptic plasticity by electrophysiological studies, the effect of taurine on learning and memory at the behavior level is complicated. Studies of acute administration of taurine indicate that it has no effect on humans [1,20] and mice [15], whereas studies investigating the subacute or chronic effect of taurine, often taken exogenously in food supplements on a daily basis, are still controversial. Sanberg and Fibiger reported that taurine impaired memory functions [16]. On the other hand, El Idrissi reported that taurine improved learning and retention in aged mice [5]. In these conflicting studies, the passive avoidance test was adopted to -Note-

Results suggested that dantrolene premedication prevented muscle damage without affecting anesthetic recovery but impaired CO and precipitated hyperkalemia and cardiac arrhythmias in healthy isoflurane-anesthetized horses.

Effects of the antidepressant drug mirtazapine on plasma levels and on the kinetics of injected histamine were studied in the cat. In the dose of 0.6 mg/kg mirtazapine did not affect the characteristics of the elimination curve of histamine. The higher dose of mirtazapine (1.2 mg/kg) prevented the increase of plasma histamine levels.

These results indicate that taurine administered directly into the brain ventricle suppresses and delays the ability of learning and memory in rats. In contrast, it is implied that taurine administered peripherally was not involved in learning and memory.

Uses of platelet and extracellular vesicles rich plasma (PVRP) are in many fields of medicine as it was found that PVRP has regenareative properties. Preparation of PVRP is performed by sep-aration of erythrocytes from the liquid they are immersed in. Erythrocytes are the most numerous blood cells; they are also relatively large and dense as they are filled with haemoglobin. Therefore they sediment due to gravitation or systemic centrifugation force thereby pushing plasma that carries smaller particles in the opposite direction. This mechanism that takes place during pro-cessing determines the composition of plasma. Its tuning is therefore key in acquiring a prepara-tion with desired properties. In particular, it is of interest to study the effect of erythrocyte sedi-mentation rate (ESR) on composition and volume of acquired plasma. Different animals have different ranges of ESR values which may enable insight into mechanisms of plasma preparation. In this contribution we present the basic mechanisms of plasma preparation and properties of blood of different animals.