Social distancing in response to the Covid-19 pandemic brought several modifications in our daily lives. With these changes, some people have reported alterations in their feelings of how fast time was passing. In this study, we assessed whether and how social distancing influenced participants' time awareness and production of time intervals. Participants (n=3855) filled the first questionnaire approximately 60 days after the start of social isolation in Brazil and weekly questionnaires for 15 weeks during social distancing. Our results indicate that time was perceived as expanded at the beginning of social isolation, but this feeling decreased across the weeks. Time awareness was strongly associated with psychological factors such as loneliness, stress, and positive emotions, but not with time production. This relation was shown between participants and within their longitudinal reports. Taken together, our findings show how emotions are a crucial aspect of how time is felt.

Social distancing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic brought several modifications in our daily lives. With these changes, some people have reported alterations in their feelings of how fast time was passing. In this study, we assessed whether and how social distancing and the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic influenced participants’ time awareness and production of time intervals. Participants ( n = 3855) filled in the first questionnaire approximately 60 days after the start of social distancing in Brazil and weekly questionnaires for 15 weeks during social distancing. Our results indicate that time was perceived as expanded at the beginning, but this feeling decreased across the weeks. Time awareness was strongly associated with psychological factors such as loneliness, stress, and positive emotions, but not with time production. This relation was shown between participants and within their longitudinal reports. Together, our findings show how emotions are a crucial aspect of how time is felt.

RESUMO -O presente estudo buscou evidências de validade do Teste Luria-Nebraska para Crianças (TLN-C) em sua relação com escolaridade e inteligência. Participaram 120 crianças com dificuldades escolares (2ª ao 6ª ano), avaliadas com o TLN-C e a Escala de Inteligência Wechsler para Crianças -Terceira Revisão. Os resultados evidenciaram influência da escolaridade e desempenho intelectual no escore total do TLN-C e nos subtestes Ritmo, Habilidade Motora, Habilidade Visual, Escrita, Leitura, Raciocínio Matemático e Memória Imediata. Tais resultados permitiram diferenciar o desempenho das crianças no 2º e 3º ano daquele de crianças em outros anos escolares, e o desempenho de crianças com nível intelectualmente deficiente daquele de crianças com outros níveis intelectuais.Houve correlações positivas e significativas entre os escores do TLN-C e o quociente de inteligência total da WISC. O instrumento mostrou-se adequado para diferenciar o desempenho por escolaridade e inteligência. Palavras-chave: neuropsicologia, avaliação, cognição, validação Validity Evidences of Luria-Nebraska Test for Children: Relations with Education and IntelligenceABSTRACT -This study sought evidences of validity of the Luria-Nebraska Test for Children (TLN-C) in its relation to education and intelligence. The participants were 120 children with learning difficulties (2 st to 6 th grades) assessed with the TLN-C and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Revision. Results showed influence of education and intellectual performance on the TLN-C total score and Rhythm, Visual Skill, Motor Skill, Writing, Reading, Mathematical Reasoning and Immediate Memory subtests. The results allowed to differentiate between performance of children of the 2 nd and 3 rd grades from that of children from others school years, and the performance of intellectually disabled children from that of children with other intellectual levels. Positive and significant correlations were obtained between TLN-C scores and the WISC total score of intelligence. The instrument was adequate for differentiating performance by education and intelligence.. Define-se avaliação neuropsicológica como o processo clínico que permite inferir a organização do funcionamento cerebral por meio do desempenho comportamental. É possível descrevê-la como um procedimento sistemático de investigação que busca e integra dados do desenvolvimento do avaliado (idade, escolaridade, ocupação) à análise de funções cognitivas por meio de observação criteriosa da execução de tarefas que as ensejam. A análise das funções cognitivas tem como importante recurso a utilização de testes padronizados, que garantem ao clínico a possibilidade de mensurar comportamentos e comparar o desempenho do sujeito avaliado a amostras de referência (Lezak, Howieson, Bigler, & Tranel, 2012;Ustárroz, 2007). KeywordsAs funções cognitivas são altamente complexas. Uma mesma função pode ser subdividida em diversos componentes e, ao mesmo tempo, diferentes funções interagem entre si na produção dos comportamentos. Assim, a ...

Attention is a basic human function underlying every other cognitive process. It is demonstrated in the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging literature that frontoparietal networks are involved with attentive performance while default mode networks are involved with inattentive performance. Yet, it is still not clear whether similar results would be found with functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. The goal of our study was to investigate differences in hemodynamic activity measured by functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy between fast and slow responses on a simple sustained attention task both before and after stimulus onset. Thirty healthy adults took part in the study. Our results have shown differences between fast and slow responses only on channels over medial frontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex (p < 0,05). These differences were observed both before and after stimulus presentation. It is discussed that functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy is a good tool to investigate the frontoparietal network and its relationship with performance on attention tasks; it could be used to further investigate other approaches on attention, such as the dual network model of cognitive control and brain states views based on complex systems analysis; and nally, it could be used to investigate attention on naturalistic settings. Consent to participateAll participants signed a freely given, informed consent to participate term. This term was previously approved by the aforementioned committee. Consent to publishThis work does not include materials from participants that require consent to publish. Author's contributionAuthor contributions included conception and study design (MGN, CEB, JRS, AFB), data collection or acquisition (MGN), statistical analysis (MGN, MS, CSFB), interpretation of results (MGN, CEB, JRS, RCM, AFB

We examined equivalence‐based N400 effects by comparing EEG data from participants with different experiences with equivalence testing. Before a priming task used in EEG measurement, Group 1 was given only matching‐to‐sample training trials whereas Group 2 was exposed to matching‐to‐sample training and equivalence probe trials. We asked whether exposure to the reinforcement contingency was sufficient to bring about an N400 outcome that might indicate potentially emergent equivalence relations or if such a response depended on experience with equivalence tests. Results showed robust N400 in both groups. Experience with equivalence tests did not further increase the N400 effects. Our findings add confirmatory evidence that equivalence relations may originate via the reinforcement contingency alone. Furthermore, complementary EEG data collected from priming tasks involving words from natural language showed functional overlap between laboratory‐defined equivalence and natural word‐based N400 effects.

Background: The Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) has been used worldwide as a valid and consistent instrument to investigate the bidimensional structure of affect. Researchers can adapt PANAS from English to other languages by developing a new scale or translating directly from the original. This review describes and evaluates the currently available PANAS translations according to instrument transcultural adaptation standards. We sought to improve the reliability and quality of transcultural investigations of the affective structure. Method: A systematic review based on Pubmed, NCBI, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO and Scielo was performed to identify PANAS-based new scale developments, translations and validation studies from 11th to 16th November 2020.Results: We detected 3 PANAS-based instruments developed in Japanese, Estonian and Portuguese (Portugal), 19 PANAS translations (Arabic; Chinese; French - 2; Hindi; Italian; Norwegian; Brazilian Portuguese; Romanian; Russian; Serbian; Spanish: Spain - 3, Mexico - 2, Argentina, Chile; Tunisian Arab), and 23 validation studies. According to our classification criterion (from A to G level of quality), no study reached the A level.Limitations: We included only manuscripts in English, Spanish, and Portuguese (PT and BR). Only three PANAS-based scale developments were found.Conclusions: Most transcultural adaptations of the PANAS show low compliance to adaptation standards. Based on the results of a systematic review of currently available instruments and their psychometric properties, we propose a guideline of procedures for future researchers aiming to translate and adapt scales.

The investigation of time-related activity in human electrophysiological activity has recently expanded from signals during the estimated interval to post-interval activity. Previous findings show timing-associated event-related potentials (ERPs) in both early (~150ms) and late positive components (LPC; ~300ms) post-interval signals. However, it is still unclear whether and what aspects of temporal information these different patterns of EEG activity are capturing, especially, if these signals are associated with interval duration or other task parameters. In the present work, we designed a modified temporal categorization task to investigate if participants' adaptation to a changing decisional context led to changes in post-interval ERPs. Participants had to learn a hidden reference duration on each block to categorize the presented target intervals correctly. We found an early posterior N200 potential correlated to target durations and decisional context. A central LPC, which interacted with duration and learning of the hidden reference, predicted behavioural responses. Our findings add to the current evidence that interval duration modulates post-interval activity in timing categorization tasks and shows that late signals are associated with interval duration and decisional context.

Attention is a basic human function underlying every other cognitive process. It is demonstrated in the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging literature that frontoparietal networks are involved with attentive performance while default mode networks are involved with inattentive performance. Yet, it is still not clear whether similar results would be found with functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. The goal of our study was to investigate differences in hemodynamic activity measured by functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy between fast and slow responses on a simple sustained attention task both before and after stimulus onset. Thirty healthy adults took part in the study. Our results have shown differences between fast and slow responses only on channels over medial frontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex (p < 0,05). These differences were observed both before and after stimulus presentation. It is discussed that functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy is a good tool to investigate the frontoparietal network and its relationship with performance on attention tasks; it could be used to further investigate other approaches on attention, such as the dual network model of cognitive control and brain states views based on complex systems analysis; and finally, it could be used to investigate attention on naturalistic settings.