Background: The Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) has been used worldwide as a valid and consistent instrument to investigate the bidimensional structure of affect. Researchers can adapt PANAS from English to other languages by developing a new scale or translating directly from the original. This review describes and evaluates the currently available PANAS translations according to instrument transcultural adaptation standards. We sought to improve the reliability and quality of transcultural investigations of the affective structure. Method: A systematic review based on Pubmed, NCBI, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO and Scielo was performed to identify PANAS-based new scale developments, translations and validation studies from 11th to 16th November 2020.Results: We detected 3 PANAS-based instruments developed in Japanese, Estonian and Portuguese (Portugal), 19 PANAS translations (Arabic; Chinese; French - 2; Hindi; Italian; Norwegian; Brazilian Portuguese; Romanian; Russian; Serbian; Spanish: Spain - 3, Mexico - 2, Argentina, Chile; Tunisian Arab), and 23 validation studies. According to our classification criterion (from A to G level of quality), no study reached the A level.Limitations: We included only manuscripts in English, Spanish, and Portuguese (PT and BR). Only three PANAS-based scale developments were found.Conclusions: Most transcultural adaptations of the PANAS show low compliance to adaptation standards. Based on the results of a systematic review of currently available instruments and their psychometric properties, we propose a guideline of procedures for future researchers aiming to translate and adapt scales.
This study presents the development of the Brazilian-Portuguese Affect Scale based on the development procedures of the PANAS (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule). We applied psycholinguistic and validity procedures to reduce an affective Brazilian lexicon with 404 words. The reduction was based on familiarity, state/trait categorization and semantic evaluations. A final list of 139 affective words was used in a synonym grouping task in a country-wide Brazilian sample (n = 1000; 594 women, 396 men, 2 transgender and 8 who did not inform; average age 29.9 [SD = 8.26]). An exploratory factor analysis revealed 13 factors, leading to two versions of the Brazilian-Portuguese Affect Scale (EAPB; 26 items and 65 items). The instrument is ready for investigations of its psychometric properties.
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