Like most of the world, low- and middle-income countries have faced a growing demand for new health technologies and higher budget constraints. It is necessary to have technical instruments to make decisions based on real-world evidence that allows maximization of the population’s health with a limited budget. We estimated the supply-based cost-effectiveness elasticity, which was then used to determine the cost-effectiveness threshold for the healthcare system of Colombia, a middle-income country where multiple insurers, paid under capitation rules, manage the compulsory contributions of the citizens and government subsidies. Using administrative data, we explored the variation of health expenditures and outcomes at the insurer, geographical region, diagnosis group, and year levels. To deal with endogeneity in a two-way fixed-effects model, we instrumented health expenditures using characteristics of the health system such as drug-price regulation. We estimated the threshold to be US$ 4487.5 per YLL avoided (14.7 million COP at 2019 prices) and US$ 5180.8 per QALY gained (17 million COP at 2019 prices), around one times the GDP per capita. To our knowledge, this is the first estimation of the cost-effectiveness threshold elasticity supply-based in a middle-income country with a managed care health system.
Introducción. La evaluación económica es una herramienta que contribuye a establecer prioridades en la toma de decisiones en salud. La calidad metodológica de los estudios realizados en Colombia no se ha evaluado de manera sistemática. Objetivo. Valorar la calidad metodológica de las evaluaciones económicas en salud publicadas en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de evaluaciones económicas completas (costos y efectividad de, al menos, dos programas o servicios de salud) referidas a un problema de decisión en salud de Colombia. La búsqueda se hizo en bases de datos internacionales y colombianas, y se complementó con búsqueda manual y consulta con autores. La síntesis de los datos se hizo en tablas que incluían información relevante sobre los estudios, y la calidad metodológica se evaluó con un instrumento prediseñado. Las búsquedas se hicieron entre enero y febrero de 2012. Resultados. Se incluyeron 48 estudios. En la mayoría de los estudios se hace explícito el punto de vista, se describen las alternativas comparadas y se hace un análisis incremental (sic.). Más de la mitad de los trabajos presentan limitaciones en la especificación del horizonte temporal o la tasa de descuento, en la estimación y actualización de los beneficios en salud y los costos, así como en la consideración de cuestiones de equidad o implementación. El análisis de la incertidumbre resulta ser el punto más problemático. Conclusiones. Las evaluaciones económicas en salud publicadas en Colombia han aumentado en los últimos años; sin embargo, se observa una gran heterogeneidad en los métodos, lo cual dificulta la comparación de los resultados y su uso para la toma de decisiones en salud. Es fundamental avanzar en la estandarización de los métodos, con el fin de contribuir a generar información de mejor calidad que permita apoyar las decisiones en el sistema de salud colombiano.Palabras clave: economía médica, costos y análisis de costo, economía de la salud, literatura de revisión como asunto, estudios de evaluación como asunto, Colombia. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v33i4.1464Quality assessment of economic evaluations in health care in Colombia: a systematic review Introduction: Economic evaluation is a tool that can provide useful information to decision-makers in health. The methodological quality of Colombian studies has not been assessed in a systematic way. Objective: To assess the methodological quality of economic evaluations in health care in Colombia. Materials and methods: Systematic review of economic studies that assessed both costs and effectiveness of at least two technologies related to a decision problem in Colombia. Search was performed in international and Colombian databases and was completed with manual searches and contact with authors. Data was synthesized in tables that included relevant information about the studies. Methodological quality was evaluated using a predefined instrument. Searches were performed between January and February. Results: 48 studies were include...
Ondansetron is a dominant intervention that reduces hospitalization rates and costs for health system and caregivers. We recommend assessing the inclusion of this drug in the Colombian Health Benefit Plan for the treatment of gastroenteritis in children under 5 years.
Introduction: Acute coronary syndrome is one of the most frequent medical emergencies in developing countries.Objective: To determine, from the perspective of the Colombian health system, the cost-effectiveness of ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel for the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome.
Materials and methods:We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis from the perspective of the Colombian health system comparing ticagrelor and clopidogrel for the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome. To estimate the expected costs and outcomes, a Markov model was constructed in which patients could remain stable without experiencing new cardiovascular events, suffer from a new event, or die. For the baseline case, a 10-year time horizon and a discount ratio of 3% for costs and benefits were adopted. The transition probabilities were extracted from the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) clinical trial. Vital statistics were drawn from the Departmento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) and additional information from Colombian patients included in the Access registry. To identify and measure resource use, a standard case was built by consulting guidelines and protocols. Unit costs were obtained from Colombian rate lists. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted in which costs were represented by a triangular distribution, and the effectiveness through a beta distribution. Results: In the base case, the additional cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained with ticagrelor was COP$ 28,411,503. The results were sensitive to changes in the time horizon and the unit cost of clopidogrel. For a willingness-to-pay equivalent to three times the Colombian per capita gross domestic product, the probability of ticagrelor being cost-effective was 75%. Conclusions: Ticagrelor is a cost-effective strategy for the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome in Colombia.
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