Our modern society is becoming increasingly reliant on transportation networks, as well as the interdependent infrastructures and technologies that interact with them. The increasing complexity and interconnectedness of infrastructure networks make them susceptible to impact not only directly from external shocks but also indirectly from the failure of dependent infrastructures. This research study was conducted in Padang city, one of the most disaster-prone areas in Indonesia. Based on the literature review, it is no doubt that research study on seismic risk assessment is insufficient and outdated. In fact, a study about the interdependency between Critical Infrastructures (CIs) is yet to be done in this region. In this study, there are two approaches used for data gathering which is by surveying existing CIs using Google Earth and by an online questionnaire survey via Google Form. Based on the qualitative survey, a functionality rating method is done to obtain the level of outage/loss functionality which is an indicator for the damage occurred to the structure and infrastructure. Following that, a seismic risk analysis was conducted to assess the interdependency between investigated CIs and facilities. Respondents’ judgement from the questionnaire were used to identify the base criticality of each critical infrastructure. Based on the qualitative survey, the level of loss in functionality for the substation and the telecommunication tower is rated as “High”, but the loss in functionality for the water supply system is rated as “Moderate”. Moreover, the findings used from the respondents’ judgements were used to establish the initial level of criticality for each vital infrastructure. According to the findings, hospitals, power substations, and communication towers all have a criticality level of “5-Vital”, while police stations and fire stations both have a “3-medium” criticality rating. Eventually, the results of this assessment of interdependence are displayed in a criticality map, which shows how the interdependency relationship affects the initial criticality of a certain upstream infrastructure. Understanding the potential consequences of infrastructure failure, especially in regard to dependent infrastructures, can help emergency response teams formulate more targeted strategies for managing risks. As a consequence of this, the resilience of the wider community is improved, which contributes toward the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11: Sustainable cities and communities particularly in reducing disasters and people in vulnerable situation.
The seismic performance of a bridge can be shown by analyzing the vulnerability of the structure in resisting an earthquake motion and then developing into fragility curves. This study presents a convenient method to establish the fragility curve for the cable-stayed bridge. For this purpose, three spans cable-stayed bridge is assessed using a series of seismic loads in different intensities to ensure that the structure was experiencing damage in several conditions. The fragility curve was obtained by analyzing the structure using Nonlinear Time History (NTHA) and Pushover Analysis. The ground motions of the earthquake were subjected to the bridge in different intensities, which were scaled from the initial ground motion. Hereafter, the structure’s ductilities were developed into the fragility curves as the responses of the bridge. HAZUS standard is used for classifying the damages of the bridge, which are grouped into; slight, moderate, extensive, and complete due to the seismic load. The values of the damage states were generated to the fragility curves using the probabilistic values of the damage states. To ensure the validity of the data statistically, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was conducted to the fragility function. The result revealed that the fragility curve was qualified as the lognormal distribution.
Earthquakes are known as one of the disasters that have fatal consequences for human safety. However, inevitably, the earthquake itself is not the leading cause of the losses suffered by humans, both material and soul. The most powerful thing in human safety is infrastructure such as buildings, bridges, and houses. Therefore, an in-depth analysis of the risk factors that the infrastructure will experience in a natural disaster is needed. There is a variable seismic hazard in the Southeast Asia region, ranging from high seismic hazard allied with the underneath of the Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos to moderate and low seismic tremors associated with a sizeable stable region on the Sunda Shelf. This paper describes the history of seismic risk and loss assessment of infrastructures. The method used is by doing literature reviews of the most recent research relating to seismic risk and assessment around the world. More than fifteen research results are studied and discussed to get a deep knowledge about seismic risk and the assessment of loss due to seismic disaster.
A series of structural tests were conducted to examine the seismic performance of masonry infills strengthened with particular materials on infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures. Six 1:4 scaled-down RC frame specimens had been prepared, including one brick-infilled frame without strengthening and five brick infills strengthened with innovative strengthening materials. The materials were steel wire mesh, chicken hexagonal wire mesh, plastic wire mesh, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), and plastic stretch film. The strengthening was diagonally applied on both surfaces of the masonry infill. The steel wire mesh, chicken hexagonal wire mesh, and plastic wire mesh were sewn using steel wire, while the FRP sheet was glued using epoxy resin and the plastic stretch film was glued using synthetic rubber adhesive. The specimens were tested following the FEMA 461 standard testing protocol, which involved applying lateral static cyclic loading to the specimens. The displacement transducer apparatus measured the deformations of the specimens, and crack propagation was observed during experimental works. The experimental results showed that most specimens exhibited an increase in their lateral strength, secant stiffness, deformation capacity, and energy dissipation. Among all prepared specimens, the specimen using plastic stretch film showed the best and most promising results, i.e., long deformation and steady lateral strength after yielding. This result suggests that using plastic stretch for strengthening can increase ductility performance. It is expected to withstand earthquake shaking, has low application costs, and is feasible for application even by unskilled local laborers.
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