Febantel was developed as an oral anti-parasitic agent against monogenean Heterobothrium okamotoi for farmed tiger puŠer Takifugu rubripes. In aquaculture, febantel might be used for the sameˆsh repeatedly to obtain good anti-parasitic eŠects inˆsh farms. In this study, we investigated the safety of febantel for tiger puŠer when used repeatedly. We also investigated the impact of febantel on the marine environment. Febantel was administered toˆsh at 25 mg and 50 mg per kg of body weight forˆve days and the process was repeated after a 14-day pause. External and internal clinical signs were investigated in tiger puŠer as well as hematological parameters. During the examination period, tiger puŠers showed no decrease in appetite or changes in growth pattern compared with the control group. In addition, we observed the eŠect of febantel on diatoms (Skeletonema costatum), crustaceans (Artemia salina), andˆshes (Pagrus major) as proxies for marine organisms. The results conˆrmed no in‰uence on the tested organisms. These results suggest that febantel is safe for tiger puŠer and has no toxic eŠects in marine organisms.
The aim of the present study was to optimize a masculinization platform for the production of all-male red tilapia fry by oral administration of 30 and 60 ppm of MT and alkyl polyglucoside nanostructured lipid carriers (APG-NLC) loaded with MT, respectively, for 14 and 21 days. The characterization, encapsulation efficiency and release kinetics of MT in lipid-based nanoparticles were assessed in vitro. The results showed that the MT-loaded nanoparticles were spherical, ranging from 80 to 125 nm in size, and had a negative charge with a narrow particle distribution. The APG-NLC loaded with MT provided higher physical stability and encapsulation efficacy than the NLC. The release rate constants of MT from MT-NLC and MT-APG-NLC were higher than those of free MT, which is insoluble in aqueous media. There was no significant difference in survival between the fish administered MT or the those fed orally with MT-APG-NLC fish. According to the logistic regression analysis, the sex reversal efficacy of MT-APG-NLC (30 ppm) and MT (60 ppm), resulted in significantly higher numbers of males after 21 days of treatment compared with the controls. The production cost of MT-APG-NLC (30 ppm) after 21 days of treatment was reduced by 32.9% compared with the conventional MT treatment group (60 ppm). In all the treatments, the length–weight relationship (LWR) showed negatively allomeric growth behavior (b < 3), with a relative condition factor (Kn) of more than 1. Therefore, MT-APG-NLC (30 ppm) would seem to be a promising, cost-effective way to reduce the dose of MT used for the masculinization of farmed red tilapia.
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