No abstract

No abstract

T his study explores the process of organizational change by examining localized social learning in organizational subunits. Specifically, we examine participation in university technology transfer, a new organizational initiative, by tracking 1,780 faculty members, examining their backgrounds and work environments, and following their engagement with academic entrepreneurship. We find that individual adoption of the new initiative may be either substantive or symbolic. Our results suggest that individual attributes, while important, are conditioned by the local work environment. In terms of personal attributes, individuals are more likely to participate if they trained at institutions that had accepted the new initiative and been active in technology transfer. In addition, we find that the longer the time that had elapsed since graduate training, the less likely the individual was to actively embrace the new commercialization norm. Considering the localized social environment, we find that when the chair of the department is active in technology transfer, other members of the department are also likely to participate, if only for symbolic reasons. We also find that technology transfer behavior is calibrated by the experience of those in the relevant cohort. If an individual can observe others with whom they identify engaging in the new initiative, then they are more likely to follow with substantive compliance. Finally, when individuals face dissonance, a situation where their individual training norms are not congruent with the localized social norms in their work environment, they will conform to the local norms, rather than adhering to the norms from their prior experience.

No abstract

Annals oi rhr Asaoc r.~r!un o1 Amriican Geogrdphrr'. 8421, 7994, pp 270-229 0 Copyirght 7494 by A\rocratmn of American Geographers Publiihed by SlJckwell Publrshm, >38 M a n Srreel, Cmbndge, M A lILI?L and 708 CuMley Rod, Oxiord, OX4 716 UK

This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation. The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted, and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part identilies four separate strains in thc empirical spillover literature: innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations. defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and, last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of knowlcdge, and the characteristics of firms.Innovation, Geography, Spillovers, Location JEL Classification: 03, L2,

No abstract

Feldman M. P., Francis J. and Bercovitz, J. (2005) Creating a cluster while building a firm: entrepreneurs and the formation of industrial clusters, Regional Studies39, 129-141. The objective of the paper is to provide a theoretical model of cluster development that is informed by an appreciative interpretation of case studies. It argues that entrepreneurs are a critical element in the formation of clusters. Entrepreneurs are important actors in the development of clusters as complex adaptive systems, where the external resources associated with clusters are developed over time. Entrepreneurs who adapt to both constructive crises and new opportunities create the factors and conditions that facilitate their business interests and, in turn, contribute to the development of external resources. The paper examines the initial factors that influence the decision to become an entrepreneur and examine how external factors influence the formation and location of high-technology clusters. Feldman M. P., Francis J. et Bercovitz, J. (2005) L'établissment d'un regroupement au fur et à mesure de la création d'entreprise: les entrepreneurs et l'établissement des regroupements industriels, Regional Studies39, 129-141. Cet article cherche à construire un modèle théorique du développement des regroupements guidé par une interprétation sensible des études de cas. On considère que les entrepreneurs constituent un facteur clé dans l'établissement des regroupements. Les entrepreneurs sont des agents importants dans le développement des regroupements en tant que systèmes complexes adaptables, où les ressources externes liées aux regroupements se développent sur le temps. Les entrepreneurs qui s'adaptent et aux crises avantageuses, et aux nouvelles possibilités, créent les facteurs et les conditions qui favorisent leurs affaires et, à leur tour, contribuent au développement des ressources externes. On examine les premiers facteurs qui influencent la décision individuelle de devenir entrepreneur, et on étudie comment les facteurs externes influencent l'établissement et la localisation des regroupements qui sont à la pointe de la technologie. Feldman M. P., Francis J. und Bercovitz, J. (2005) Schaffung eines Clusters in Verbindung mit dem Aufbau einer Firma: Unternehmer und Clusterbildung der Industrie, Regional Studies39, 129-141. Dieser Aufsatz beabsichtigt, ein theoretisches Modell einer Clusterentwicklung vorzustellen, das auf einer bewertenden Interpretation von Fallstudien beruht. Es wird die These aufgestellt, daß Unternehmer bei Clusterbildung ein kritisches Element darstellen. Unternehmer sind wichtige Spieler bei der Entwicklung von Clustern als komplexen Mittlersystemen, in denen die externen, mit Clustern in Verbindung stehenden Resourcen erst im Laufe der Zeit entwickelt werden. Unternehmer, die sich sowohl konstruktiven Krisen als auch neu auftauchenden Gelegenheiten anzupassen verstehen, schaffen Faktoren und Voraussetzungen, die ihren Geschäftsinteressen entgegenkommen, und selbst wiederum zur Entwicklung externer Resource...