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This study was designed to determine the effects of daily oral administration (250 mg/kg) of the hydroalcoholic extract of Fumaria parviflora (FP) for 14 days on the sperm parameters, oxidative stress parameters, serum testosterone levels, expression of Bax and Bcl-2 genes, and apoptosis index of germ cells after testicular torsion-detorsion (ischaemia-reperfusion, IR) injury model in rats. Twenty-eight adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups of seven each: sham operation, torsion-detorsion (TD), TD plus the hydroalcoholic extract FP (TDFP) and only FP without TD application (FP). Testicular torsion was created by rotating the left testis 720° in a counterclockwise direction; then, after 4 hr, detorsion was performed. The Johnson's score, mean seminiferous tubule diameter (MSTD) and height (thickness) of seminiferous tubule epithelium (HST) were significantly increased in TDFP and FP groups as compared to TD group. The gene expression of Bcl-2, level of serum testosterone hormone and antioxidant parameters-GPx and SOD-were significantly higher in TDFP and FP groups than TD group. The index of apoptosis, the gene expression of Bax and the level of MDA were significantly higher in TD group than TDFP and FP groups. Therefore, F. parviflora could decrease oxidative stress induced by testicular torsion-detorsion.

BackgroundVaricocoele is a swollen bulge of the pampiniform venous plexus inside the scrotum. It is also considered one of the causes of infertility in males. It has been demonstrated that hesperidin has remarkable pharmacological potentials, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticarcinogenic effects.ObjectiveThe present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of hesperidin on varicocoele‐induced testicular tissue damage and oxidative stress in the testicles of adult male rats.Materials and methodsAnimals were assigned into the following groups: control group (Ctrl) or sham, varicocoele group (Vcl) which received no treatment, varicocoele group that was daily fed with hesperidin (Vcl+Hsp) at a dose of 50 mg/kg for eight weeks, and hesperidin group (Hsp) which received only hesperidin. At the end of the treatment period, the levels of oxidative stress markers were measured in plasma, and the expression of Bax and Bcl‐2 was determined by immunocytochemistry and RT‐qPCR methods. The index of apoptosis was assessed by the TUNEL assay.ResultsJohnsen's score, the epithelium thickness, and diameter of seminiferous tubules were improved in the Vcl+Hsp group as compared to the Vcl group. Treatment with hesperidin enhanced the serum levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes and decreased the heightened concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) in testicular tissue (p < 0.001). Moreover, our results demonstrated that hesperidin considerably diminished Bax and increased Bcl‐2 expression (gene and protein) levels compared with the Vcl group (p < 0.05). It also markedly reduced the rate of programmed cell death in germ cells (p < 0.05).ConclusionsIt seems that the treatment with hesperidin could mitigate testicular tissue damage in rats underwent varicocoele possibly through its antioxidant properties.

Tadalafil and verapamil can be protected the testis tissue damage and replaced the testicular function by suppressing oxidative stress after testicular torsion.

Introduction Ovarian torsion is one of the prevalent gynecologic emergencies, in which the adnexal components swing around their axis that leads to obstruction of arterial, venous, and/or lymphatic vessels (1). In this situation, gangrene and necrosis with the expansion of arterial insufficiency is followed by primary congestion and hemorrhagic infarction owing to venous and lymphatic obstruction. However, there is no data about the least number of turns to form the torsion and also there is no data for the duration of torsion that is necessary for the setting in of necrosis (2). Diagnosis of torsion is based on clinical indication and found by sonographic findings. Meanwhile a definite diagnosis is made only during surgery (1) Oophorectomy of the necrotic and/ or doubtful ovaries after torsion or incarceration is the preferred surgical treatment in contemporaneous practice. However, before maturity, the importance of losing the gonads is higher than its loss in later periods. Also, nonsynchronous contralateral torsion has an occurrence ranging between 2%-5%, therefore, is considered as a clinical catastrophe. Twenty-five percent of children with torsion have abnormal ovaries. Moreover, protection of the gonads is the main attention in children. Therefore, a more conservative approach has been recommended in the last research (2). In the past, remedial action to overcome ovarian torsion was surgical removal of the ovaries. Nowadays, due to the importance of the ovaries in fertility and secretion of sexual hormones, ovaries are retained (3). Ovarian torsion/detorsion or ischemia/reperfusion of ovary is a pathophysiologic event in which histological damage is associated with perfusion reduction followed by lack of oxygen (ischemia) in ovarian tissue. The inflammatory response induced by torsion/detorsion (reperfusion) can lead to vascular endothelial cells damage and microcirculation disorders that are largely responsible for the injury to the ovarian tissue. The damage caused by ischemia/reperfusion produces excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl free radical species, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), and superoxide radical (4-6). Therefore, oxidation has wrecking effects on ovarian tissue, thus, antioxidant substances not only have great roles in the recovery process but also reverse the adverse effects. Natural products such as plant extracts are a good alternative for drugs used in oxidative damage (7).

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disease and it is also closely associated with a reduction in fertility in male patients. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antidiabetic effect of carvacrol (CRV), as a potent antioxidant, on the numbers of germ cells and Sertoli cells in testicular tissue, and the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of some genes involved in spermatogenesis, including luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor ( LHCGR), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor ( FSHR), and steroidogenic factor 1 ( SF-1), as well as hormones such as luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone (T), and insulin. Adult male Wistar rats ( n = 32) were randomly divided into four groups (eight animals per group), including healthy control that received 0.2% Tween 80, diabetic control group, the diabetic group treated orally with CRV (75 mg/kg), and CRV group that received orally CRV (75 mg/kg). The duration of the treatment period lasted 8 weeks. In the diabetic group, the numbers of Sertoli cells and germ cells were significantly decreased, while the treatment with CRV prevented the degree of the damage to the cells mentioned earlier. CRV administration elevated the concentrations of insulin, T, FSH, and LH. Moreover, treatment with CRV significantly enhanced the levels of the mRNA and protein expression of SF-1, LHCGR, and FSHR. According to the obtained results, CRV administration could prevent the deleterious effects of DM on testicular germ cells, and it increases the levels of hormones and some essential genes, such as SF-1, LHCGR, and FSHR, involved in the process of spermatogenesis.

Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is considered as one of the current disorders of the endocrine system in women of reproductive age (1-3). The epidemiological studies indicated that the incidence of PCOS varies in the world with a range of 2.2% to 26% (2,4). Such incidence is 43% to 46% in the United States, 37.4% in Germany, and 16% in Italy (5). The typical complications of PCOS include polycystic ovaries, elevated luteinizing hormone, hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation along with oligoamenorrhea, obesity, and infertility (6). PCOS could be taken into account as a metabolism-centered syndrome such as insulin resistance syndrome or some other risk factors, including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and/or dyslipidemia (7). Although the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of PCOS is still elusive, this syndrome is concomitant with hormonal perturbation, such as a diminished concentration of progesterone and heightened levels of testosterone, estrogen and luteinizing hormone (8-10). In patients afflicted with both hyperandrogenism and PCOS, there is a strong association between the hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism as the concentration of insulin shows a strong correlation with adrenal steroid excretion (11). On the other hand, in patients with PCOS, hyperinsulinemia is concurrent with heightened levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglyceride, total cholesterol (12) and reduced level of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (13). Additionally, besides insulin resistance, the metabolism of lipid in females suffered from PCOS may be altered by ovarian-or adrenalexcretion of sex steroid hormones. Effects of sex steroids Abstract Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been considered as one of the most common endocrine diseases among the females in their regenerative age with a prevalence range of 5 to 21%. However, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of Galega officinalis on metabolic as well as hormonal parameters in a rodent model of PCOS. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two Wistar female rats were used (n=8/group) in the study consisting of healthy control and experimental groups. The experimental groups were divided into 3 subgroups, including rats with PCOS which received no treatment (G1), PCOS group in which G. officinalis extract was administered daily at a dose of 200 mg/kg/orally (G2) for 2 weeks, and PCOS group in which G. officinalis extract was administered daily at a dose of 400 mg/kg/orally (G3) for 2 weeks. In all experimental groups, a single intramuscular injection of estradiol valerate led to inducing PCOS. After the end of treatment period, rats in all of the studied groups were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (5/1 mg/kg), then the blood samples obtained and their serum samples were applied for testing the fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, aromatase, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and estrogen. The ovaries of rats were removed and fi...