Background and Aim: The mutation in the wild-type tumor suppressor gene p53 is the most common genetic change in human tumors. In addition, the normal function of p21, which is both antiproliferative and an inhibitor of the cell cycle, is disrupted in some types of cancer. Meanwhile, cyclin D1 is a member of the cyclin protein family that is involved in regulating cell cycle progression. This study aimed to assess the expressions of the cell cycle inhibitory proteins p21, cyclin D1, and tumor suppressor gene p53, as well as their influence on the expressed histopathological changes in breast cancer tissues. Materials and Methods: Overall, 40 breast tissue specimens were investigated in this study, 30 of which were cancerous, while 10 were healthy tissues. p53, p21, and cyclin D1 expression patterns were detected using an immunohistochemistry (IHC) system. Results: The IHC reactions for p53 were positively observed in 27/30 (90%) cancerous tissues, compared with 2/10 (20%) normal breast tissues. For p21, reactions were observed in 28/30 (93.33%) cancerous tissues and 3/10 (30%) control tissues. For cyclin D1, reactions were observed in 25/30 (83.33%) cancerous tissues and 1/10 (10%) control tissues. The differences between the breast cancer tissues and the control tissues were statistically highly significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: The high expression rates of p21, cyclin D1, and p53 in malignant breast cancer cells with little or no regulatory role might imply mutational events in these proteins operating in concert with a variety of other genetic mutations in these tissues, which may play a molecular role in the development and/or progression of breast carcinogenesis.
breast cancer" which is common type of carcinogenesis in females, surpassing even bronchogenic cancer "accounting for approximately one-third of the registered female cancers according to the latest Iraqi Cancer Registry". According to "World Health Organization", that discovery as well as examination early, particularly in combination together with sufficient therapy, present the appropriate method which decrease in the mortality rate for "breast cancer". Rate of "breast cancer" rise in Iraq, a source of a significant health problem. Labors are necessary on the nationalist scale and establishing comprehensive breast cancer control programs in Iraq for better estimate of the problem
The most frequent consequence of diabetes mellitus, diabetic foot ulcers frequently do not heal and necessitate lower limb amputation. According to estimates, DFU accounts for 50% to 70% of all lower limb amputations, and 50% of patients with DFU have peripheral artery disease (PAD), which is occasionally brought on by atherosclerosis. Deformity of foot, peripheral artery disease (PAD), loss protective sensation (LOPS), and a history of foot ulcers. Global prevalence for DFUs varies by region. One of the frequent complications of diabetes in poor nations, such as Iraq, is diabetic foot; approximately two-thirds of the patients with diabetes have Diabetic Foot disorder (DFD) in Iraq and this health issue had significant negative social and economic effects. The Saudi Arabia and Bahrain have the highest prevalence rates of DFU; the reported yearly incidence of diabetic foot ulcers ranges from "2.1% to 7.4%". There are three types of diabetic foot ulcers: neuropathic, neuroischaemic, and ischemic. An infected DFU often contains three to five different types of bacteria, including gram-positive aerobes, such as "Staphylococcus sp.", gram-positive anaerobes, gram negative aerobes, gram negative anaerobes, and fungi (Candida spp.). Numerous studies have demonstrated that effective management of DFU can significantly decrease, postpone, or even completely avoid consequences like infection, gangrene, amputation, and death.
The retinoblastoma (RB) gene encodes the retinoblastoma pocket protein, which controls the cell cycle by binding to unphosphorylated E2F transcription factors and inhibiting their activation. The function of BRCA1 and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in lung cancer, however, is still debated. Objective:The purpose of this research is to look at the relationship between the cell-cycle proteins BRCA1, BCL2, and RB and lung cancer etiology and progression. Experimental Design: Cases from major hospitals and many private histopathological laboratories between 2018 and 2021 were reviewed for immunohistochemical expression of BRCA1, BCL2, and RB. A total of 60 people (20 healthy people as a control group and 40 patients with lung carcinoma) were reviewed and analyzed for immunohistochemical expression of these genes. Results: In (90.0%) of cases, RB-IHC was overexpressed, according to the data. The BRCA1 overexpression was seen in (95.0 %). Though BCL2 was overexpressed in (92.5%) of the cases. When comparing the healthy and lung cancer groups, there is a highly significant difference at (P<0.01). Conclusion: Overexpression of RB, BRCA1, and BCL2 in lung cancers with little or no regulatory role may suggest mutational events, which act in collaboration with numerous other genetic mutations in these tissues. The study findings indicate that disruption of cell cycle proteins may perform a unique function in lung cancer disease onset and development and suggest that all patients have abnormalities in the BRCA1, BCL2, and RB proteins. have a role in lung carcinomas.
Herpesviruses are large, spherical, enveloped viral particles with linear double-stranded DNA genome. Herpesvirus virion consists of an icosahedral capsid containing viral DNA, surrounded by a protein layer called tegument, and enclosed by an envelope consisting of a lipid bilayer with various glycoproteins. Herpesviruses persist lifelong in their hosts after primary infection by establishing a latent infection interrupted recurrently by reactivations. The Herpesviridae family is divided into three subfamilies; α-herpesviruses, β-herpesviruses, and γ-herpesviruses based on the genome organization, sequence homology, and biological properties. There are eight human herpes viruses: Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1, −2) andVaricella-zoster virus (VZV), which belong to the α-herpesvirus subfamily; Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and Human herpesvirus type 6 and 7 (HHV-6,HHV-7), which belong to the β-herpesvirus subfamily; and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), which belong to the γ-herpesvirus subfamily. Within this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge about EBV and CMV, regarding their genome organization, structural characteristics, mehanisms of latency, types of infections, mechanisms of immune escape and prevention. Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) genome encodes over 100 proteins, of which only (30) proteins are well characterized, including the proteins expressed during latent infection and lytic cycle proteins. Based on major variation in the EBNA-2 gene sequence, two types of EBV are recognized, EBV type 1 and 2. Epstein–Barr virus types occur worldwide and differ in their geographic distribution depending on the type of virus. EBV spreads most commonly through bodily fluids, especially saliva. However, EBV can also spread through blood, blood transfusions, and organ transplantations. The EBV is associated with many malignant diseases such as lymphomas, carcinomas, and also more benign such as infectious mononucleosis, chronic active infection. The EBV has also been suggested as a trigger/cofactor for some autoimmune diseases. Overall, 1–1.5% of the cancer burden worldwide is estimated to be attributable to EBV The latently infected human cancer cells express the most powerful monogenic proteins, LMP-1 and LMP-2(Latent Membrane Protein-1,-2), as well as Epstein–Barr Nuclear Antigens (EBNA) and two small RNAs called Epstein–Barr Encoded Small RNAs (EBERs). The EBV can evade the immune system by its gene products that interfering with both innate and adaptive immunity, these include EBV-encoded proteins as well as small noncoding RNAs with immune-evasive properties. Currently no vaccine is available, although there are few candidates under evaluation. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous beta herpesvirus type 5 with seroprevalence ranges between 60 to 100% in developing countries. CMV is spread from one person to another, usually by direct and prolonged contact with bodily fluids, mainly saliva, but it can be transmitted by genital secretions, blood transfusion and organ transplantation. In addition, CMV can be transmitted vertically from mother to child. CMV infection can result in severe disease for babies, people who receive solid organ transplants or bone marrow/stem cell transplants and people with severe immune suppression such as advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The HCMV has several mechanisms of immune system evasion. It interferes with the initiation of adaptive immune responses, as well as prevent CD8+ and CD4+ T cell recognition interfering with the normal cellular MHC Class I and MHC Class II processing and presentation pathways. Challenges in developing a vaccine include adeptness of CMV in evading the immune system. Though several vaccine candidates are under investigation.
BACKGROUND: Both benign and harmful head and neck disorders have been associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Many studies have connected EBV to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most prevalent type of cancer. Fresh tissue samples from patients with OSCC were tested for the presence of Epstein-Barr virus. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of EBV and IL10 expression in OSCC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty individuals with OSCC and 25 with clinically healthy oral mucosa were studied. In situ hybridization was used for the detection of EBV. Serum IL-10 levels were also evaluated in patients and controls using a human IL-10 ELISA Kit. RESULTS: EBV was detected in 4 healthy patients, 6 with moderately differentiated OSCC, 10 with poorly differentiated OSCC, and 19 with undifferentiated OSCC. These differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). IL-10 expression was more common in OSCC diagnostic groups than healthy controls, and the difference in blood IL-10 levels between patients and controls was statistically significant (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of EBV in OSCC suggests its possible role in oral cavity malignancy. On the other hand, IL-10 is expressed at higher levels in OSCC biopsies; such elevated concentrations may promote viral spread.
Objective: The purpose of this retrospective investigation was (1) to screen the existence of HCMV in pancreatic cancer tissues in relation to the histopathological grading system of such tumor tissues. (2) To evaluate the expression of the (P63) tumor suppressor gene in these tissues. (3) To find out the impact of the coexistence of (HCMV) along with the p63 on the occurring histopathological alterations. Methods: The current retrospective cohort study included 35 paraffinized pancreatic tissues from the archives of major hospitals and numerous private histopathological laboratories from 2015 to 2020. (Twenty-five pancreatic carcinomatous tissues and 10 biopsies from seemingly normal pancreatic tissues were examined). Tissue slices from the desired tissue blocks were subjected to the immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique to detect Human Cytomegalovirus pp71 and tumor suppressor P63 proteins with aid of monoclonal primary antibodies. Results: The HCMV pp71 proteins were found in 92% (23 out of 25) of pancreatic tumor tissues, while it was in two (20%) of healthy pancreatic tissues. in comparison, the p63 proteins were found in 76% (19 out of 25) of tumor tissues and in four (40%) of their correlative healthy tissues. Conclusion: The increased expression of HCMV in malignant pancreatic tissue may indicate its primary or secondary role in the emergence of this type of cancer, whereupon HCMV inactivation may be useful in the treatment of this type of cancer. On the other hand, p63’s high levels of expression in malignant pancreatic tumors reflect either an oppressive function or an unfortunate mutation that prevents it from functioning.
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