The majority of worldwide coasts is experiencing a wide range of anthropogenic and natural pressures. These issues have become a major threat to economic sustainability and environmental quality, intensifying use conflicts, creating social unrest and destabilizing the national economy. Recognizing the socioeconomic importance of the coastal zone. the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) has prominently placed integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) in the Agenda 21. ICZM is an ecologically-based approach to environmental management and it is associated with two general objectives: (i) to restore and maintain the ecological integrity of coastal ecosystems, and (ii) to maintain important human values and uses with those resources. The above mentioned natural and anthropogenic pressures illustrate the wide range of interacting, incompletely understood issues and the difficult challenger that any strategy to attain an ICZM must address. The Brazilian ICZM could be referred as the National Plan Coastal Management, legally established in 1988. As the most developed region in Brazil, the State of São Paulo coastal zone is also undergoing numerous natural and anthropogenic pressures. Among the natural pressures are sea-level rise and global climate change. Anthropogenic pressures are consequence of rapid urbanization, population growth, tourism activities, port and harbor development, industrialization, natural resources exploitation, waste assimilation and environmental pollution. The State of São Paulo has also its own ICZM named State Plan for Coastal Management (SPCM), which is derived from the National one. This paper presents the general organization of the SPCM, including government polices, framework, implementation strategies and actions, as well as the important role played by Quaternary studies in order to improve this plan.
Our aim is to evaluate the integrated coastal management (ICM) development in Brazil between 2009 and 2018. For this, two approaches were used: in the first, the progress achieved in terms of proposal implementation (considering the proposals presented in the assessment made in 2011); while in the second, the current status of each of the ten key issues of the Decalogue applied by the Ibero American Network for Coastal Management (IBERMAR) was analyzed. In general terms, Brazil showed an intermediate level of advancement (50% of the key issues the value of “3” was assigned, on a scale from “0” to “5”), and no aspect of the Decalogue was classified as no development (value of “0”) or full development (value of “5”). Based on the results, we expect not only to continue the evaluation process of the Brazilian coastal governance system, but also to enable reference analysis between countries, which may foster collaboration among IBERMAR members.
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