Goethe's paradoxical aphorism concerning our knowledge of complex phenomena could be used to identify the feelings which may prevail at two different stages oflearning a foreign language, at an early and at an advanced one. So, for example, it is not surpris ing when our students, back from an exchange visit abroad, complain about having felt blocked by their thorough structural language awareness, noticing at the same time that some other foreign students showed off their fluency and richness of vocabulary, while calmly violating certain grammatical conventions. 1 Such self-conscious learners seem to miss their past lack of inhibitions, when they still naively thought oflanguage differ ences principally as neatly observable dissimilarities in language forms, feeling that their present awareness of more hidden foreign-language properties is rather a disadvantage in communication; so much so that they wonder whether it would not have been better to have invested all that time and energy into the acquisition of the lexicon instead.
The paper deals with questions related to the translation of literatures written in limited-diffusion languages and belonging to low-impact cultures into languages of high-impact cultures. The analysis is centred on the introduction and presence of Slovene literature in contemporary Italy, although the Italian situation shares a great deal of similarity with other situations of asymmetrical translational transfer. In an attempt to identify the elements playing a role in the successful integration of a peripheral literature in a high-impact target culture, four factors are postulated and discussed: a) target extra-textual setting, b) literary and genre-related properties of source texts and criteria for their selection, c) translator’s competence, d) translation strategies employed. It is suggested that a consistently target-oriented approach is central to a positive reception of a peripheral literature in a high-impact target setting.
Ključne besede: evropski jeziki, vloga latinščine, lingua franca, nacionalni jeziki, ogroženost jezika, jezikovno načrtovanje I IzhodiščeJezik kot poseben sistem znakov je seveda najprej orodje za sporazumevanje, za učinkovito prenašanje sporočil, in morda je bila prav to njegova prvotna funkcija. Ni pa nujno: mogoče je, da je bil jezik najprej sredstvo za ustvarjanje in ohranjanje odnosov znotraj skupine, kar je med drugim tudi danes; obenem je jezik sredstvo za izražanje še drugačnih, nadpragmatič-nih vsebin, kot npr. v umetnostnih besedilih. Prav spričo raznolikosti vlog, ki jih jezik kot univerzalno sredstvo sporazumevanja opravlja, je instrument za prenašanje sporočil, obenem pa vselej tudi simbol raznovrstnih pripadnosti, npr. določenemu narodu ali kulturni skupini, in zato pomemben element posameznikove identitete, prek katerega se prenaša zgodovinska dediščina njegovih govorcev in njihovih kultur, ki se skoz jezik ohranja na edinstven način v svoji živosti in spremenljivosti. S posameznimi jeziki povezane kulture imajo časovne in prostorske koordinate, in ko se sprašu-jemo o identiteti določenega prostora, ne moremo mimo njegovih jezikovnih značilnosti.V tem prispevku bomo skušali orisati nekaj temeljnih potez današnje Evrope s stališča njenih jezikov, njihove vloge in rabe. Seveda je tema tako kompleksna in neizčrpna, da bo mogoče zgolj nakazati nekaj iztočnic, ki kličejo po poglobljeni razpravi.
Lo studio della coerenza testuale in testi tradotti 1 è stato motivato dalla seguente osservazione: rispetto ai loro originali le traduzioni risultano spesso caratterizzate da una specie particolare di modificazioni che, tipicamente, si rivelano come aggiunte di vari elementi linguistici o di gruppi di tali elementi. Si tratta non di addizioni causate da costrizioni grammaticali, del resto operanti a vari livelli linguistici, da quello sintagmatico a quello testuale, 2 bensì di inserzioni puramente funzionali, dettate quindi dal ruolo che il testo tradotto presumibilmente svolgerà nella cultura d'arrivo. Le modificazioni in questione non sono quindi motivate dal sistema della lingua d'arrivo e non rappresentano casi di espansioni morfosintattiche dovute alla complessità dell'originale. D'altra parte, non si tratta neppure di modifiche simili a quelle che si possono riscontrare in traduzioni eseguite da traduttori semiprofessionali o dagli studenti, che com'è noto tendono a usare delle soluzioni parafrastiche, spesso infondate e soggettive, che possono essere dovute sia a difficoltà linguistiche sia a negligenza (v. Ožbot 1997).3
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