The investigation and prediction of new trends and technologies for mobile cellular networks is of utmost importance for researchers and network providers to quickly identify promising developments. With the verge of the fifth generation of mobile communications (5G), networks become more and more heterogeneous and dynamic while the amount of active users within a cell keeps ever increasing. Therefore, the search for more efficient network layouts and configurations attracts massive attention while on the other hand becomes more and more complex. In this contribution, we present the Vienna 5G system level simulator, which allows to perform numerical performance evaluation of large-scale multi-tier networks, with numerous types of network nodes. The simulator is based on MATLAB and is implemented in a modular fashion, to conveniently investigate arbitrary network and parameter constellations, which can be enhanced effortlessly. We first discuss the distinguishing aspects of our simulator platform, describe its structure, and then showcase its functionality by demonstrating the key aspects in more detail.

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System-level simulations have become an indispensable tool for predicting the behavior of wireless cellular systems. As exact link-level modeling is unfeasible due to its huge complexity, mathematical abstraction is required to obtain equivalent results by less complexity. A particular problem in such approaches is the modeling of multiple coherent transmissions. Those arise in multiple-input-multipleoutput transmissions at every base station but nowadays so-called coordinated multipoint (CoMP) techniques have become very popular, allowing to allocate two or more spatially separated transmission points. Also, multimedia broadcast single frequency networks (MBSFNs) have been introduced recently in long-term evolution (LTE), which enables efficient broadcasting transmission suitable for spreading information that has a high user demand as well as simultaneously sending updates to a large number of devices. This paper introduces the concept of runtime-precoding, which allows to accurately abstract many coherent transmission schemes while keeping additional complexity at a minimum. We explain its implementation and advantages. For validation, we incorporate the runtime-precoding functionality into the Vienna LTE-A downlink systemlevel simulator, which is an open source tool, freely available under an academic noncommercial use license. We measure simulation run times and compare them against the legacy approach as well as link-level simulations. Furthermore, we present multiple application examples in the context of intrasite and intersite CoMP for train communications and MBSFN.INDEX TERMS Link abstraction, link quality model, runtime-precoding, 3GPP, LTE-A, Vienna LTE-A downlink system level simulator, MIESM, Vienna LTE-A downlink link level simulator, LTE transmission modes, coordinated multipoint, multimedia broadcast single frequency networks, high-user mobility.

Abstract-The demand for a broadband wireless connection is nowadays no longer limited to stationary situations, but also required while traveling. Therefore, there exist combined efforts to provide wireless access also on High Speed Trains (HSTs), in order to add to the attractiveness of this means for transportation. Installing an additional relay on the train, to facilitate the communication, is an approach that has already been extensively discussed in literature. The possibility of a direct communication between the base station and the passenger has been neglected until now, despite it having numerous advantages. Therefore, a comparison between these two opposing approaches is presented in this paper, accompanied by a detailed discussion of the related aspects. The focus is set on the feasibility of the direct link approach, including simulation results. Further technical issues are also presented, especially regarding the interdependencies of the different aspects and providing a view of mobile-and train-operators on the topic.

Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication is an important enabler for intelligent transportation and rail traffic management systems, which are expected to provide significant road traffic safety and efficiency enhancements. Such systems require a level of dependability of the wireless communication link that can be hard to support by state-of-the-art technologies. Transmissions in the millimeter wave (mmWave) band have the potential to provide sufficient bandwidth to support not only traffic management services, but additionally also web and entertainment applications for car and train passengers. mmWave transmissions require directional antennas at the transmitter and/or receiver to compensate for the significant pathloss and to achieve a practically acceptable maximum coupling loss. Such directional communication is feasible in V2I scenarios, because the mobility of users is confined to streets and roads. In this article, we discuss the dependability of directional mmWave V2I communications under two-ray fading conditions. We review methods for enhancing the dependability of the communication link by exploiting macroscopic spatial diversity and by mitigating interference from other transmitters. We furthermore provide guidelines for a dependable system design under two-ray fading and identify open research questions in this context. INDEX TERMS Dependability, directional antennas, two-wave with diffuse power fading channels, vehicular communications.

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