Aim: Building strategies for the country-level dissemination of Kangaroo mother care (KMC) to reduce the mortality rate in preterm and low birth weight babies and improve quality of life. KMC is an evidence-based healthcare method for these infants. However, KMC implementation at the global level remains low. Methods: The international network in Kangaroo mother brought 172 KMC professionals from 33 countries together for a 2-day workshop held in conjunction with the XIIth International KMC Conference in Bogota, Colombia, in November 2018. Participants worked in clusters to formulate strategies for country-level dissemination and scale-up according to seven pre-established objectives. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

Introduction Brucellosis is a re-emerging zoonosis with new cases reported each year in many Latin American countries, but it is mostly under-recognized. This study presents a serological investigation of infection with Brucella abortus and Brucella canis in a poor urban community in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Methodology Human sera (n = 180) were randomly selected from 3,171 samples taken from healthy individuals during 2003-2004 and tested with C-ELISA for B. abortus and I-ELISA for B. canis. Results Thirteen percent (24/180) of the individuals were positive for B. abortus and 4.6 % (8/174) were positive for B. canis. Among the variables studied only age (older than 45 years) appeared to be a risk factor for the detection of Brucella antibodies. Conclusion These results indicate the presence of Brucella infection in this settlement and highlight the need to understand the epidemiology of infection under these circumstances to establish the necessary measures for surveillance and control.

In vitro rumen biohydrogenation kinetics of mixed linoleic and alfa-linolenic acids ¤ Cinética de biohidrogenación ruminal in vitro de los ácidos linoleico y alfa-linolénico mezclados Cinética de biohidrogenação ruminal in vitro dos ácidos linoleico e alfa-linolênico misturados

A microbiological analysis was performed to determine the frequency of isolation of microorganisms of infectious and environmental type in milk from a group of clinically healthy cows in two different types of milking (manual and mechanical). To each sample of milk was made bacteriological culture to determine the presence of microorganisms. Of 289 milk samples evaluated, 193 (66.78%) were positive for isolation of any type of pathogen, of which 81 (28.02%) samples came from manual milking and 112 (38.75%) belonged to mechanical milking, finding a higher percentage of isolation of bacterial pathogens in milks coming from mechanical milking system (p = 0.0236). The most isolated pathogen was the Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, A microorganism that forms part of the saprophytic flora of the animal, with an individual presence in 20.14% and in coinfection with other pathogens in 0.7% of the samples. The most common microorganism of subclinical mastitis in cattle is Streptococcus agalactiae, which in the present study was isolated from 12.50% of milk samples. The odds ratio (OR) between the isolation of Streptococcus agalactiae and the Somatic Cell Score (SCS) was determined, which was statistically significant, indicating that when this pathogen is present the SCS increases and the animals are more susceptible to mastitis.

ResumenEn Latinoamérica, Colombia es el cuarto productor de leche. El elevado costo de los insumos alimenticios puede ser limitante para la rentabilidad de esta actividad. El precio del maíz como ingrediente energético extensamente demandado por el sector de alimentos y la producción de biocombustibles es uno de los factores que más influye en el costo de alimentación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la rentabilidad de la producción de leche en función de la fuente del carbohidrato utilizada para la suplementación de vacas holstein en pastoreo. El tratamiento 1 (T1) incluyó como fuente principal de energía (en el suplemento) el maíz (Zea mays); en los tratamientos 2, 3 y 4, aproximadamente el 50 % de los nutrientes digestibles totales (NDT) aportados por el maíz fueron garantizados por sorgo (Sorghum vulgare, T2), yuca (Manihot esculenta, T3) y pulpa cítrica (Citrus sp., T4). Si bien entre tratamientos no se registraron diferencias estadísticas en la producción de leche y su calidad composicional (p > 0,05), la inclusión de yuca mejoró el ingreso por venta de leche al incidir positivamente en el precio base del producto (gramos de proteína y grasa producidos). Además de ello, la inclusión de yuca redujo el costo asociado con la suplementación y el costo total de producción del litro de leche, lo que finalmente mejoró los indicadores de rentabilidad evaluados. El tratamiento que incluyó pulpa cítrica fue el que registró menor rentabilidad, consecuencia de su menor disponibilidad y mayor costo de adquisición.Palabras clave: costo de producción, eficiencia alimenticia, rentabilidad, suplemento nutricional.Analysis of milk production profitability according to variation in the carbohydrate source used in the supplementation of Holstein cows AbstractIn Latin America, Colombia is the fourth largest milk producer. The high cost of food supplies can limit the profitability of this activity. The price of corn as an energy ingredient widely demanded by the food sector and biofuel production is one of the factors that most influences food costs. This work aimed to evaluate the profitability of milk production according to the carbohydrate source used in the supplementation of grazing Holstein cows. Treatment 1 (T1) included corn (Zea mays) as the main source of energy (in the supplement); in Treatments 2, 3, and 4, approximately 50% of the total digestible

Characterization of the genetic diversity of the fish Brycon henni (Characiformes: Characidae) in central Colombia with RAPD markers. Knowledge on the genetic diversity of wild fish species is essential for conservation and appropriate management of individuals in repopulation programs. In Colombia, Brycon henni has been reported in the Magdalena and Cauca river basins, but the population and range have diminished as a consequence of anthropic activities. In this study, the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to estimate the actual genetic structure in this species. For the purpose, six sample sites located in the department of Antioquia (Central Chain Mountains of Colombia) were used. Thirty five primers (87.5 %), out of forty used, yielded 1 466 reliable and consistent fragments; 417 were considered as unique fragments able to discriminate among the Magdalena (Humarada-1 and Humarada-2) and Cauca (Piedras, La Clara y Guaracú) river basins samples, suggesting that each is a discrete unit. This diversity suggests that anthropic effects of over fishing, dam building, deforestation and water pollution, have contributed to the isolation of these fish groups on the high mountains. Brycon moorei and Colossoma macropomum, as an interspecific control groups, were placed out of the B. henni general group, confirming their taxonomic classification through morphologic data. The RAPD technique was useful to know the genetic diversity and to discriminate among B. henni populations from different geographic origins, as a basis for an appropriate plan of repopulation, conservation and wildlife management.

ESPAÑA 113-66 RESUMEN 1 SUMMARY Las vías pecuarias constituyen en España un importante patrimonio legado del pasado con un indudable valor histórico, ambiental, social y económico. Su situación actual de deterioro y abandono hace pensar en una posible utilización de las mismas como espacios soporte para el desarrollo de actividades compatibles con el tránsito ganadero. El objetivo de este articulo es el desarrollo de un modelo que permita valorar las vías pecuarias con vistas a la asignación de nuevos usos. Posteriormente el modelo se aplica a una zona de la Comunidad de Madrid. The cattle ways are in Spain un important herifage with a great historical, social, environmental and econornic value. The actual situation, in many cases of derelict, conduce to thought in new uses compatible with the cattle traditional use. The objective of the article is a model thatprovides the value of cattle ways ability to develop new uses. The model is applied to un area of the Madrid Community. Las vías pecuarias, bienes de dominio público, son un rico patrimonio económico, histórico, social y natural a conservar. Esta gran infraestructura viaria está formada por un sistema de caminos para el ganado de distinta anchura, descansaderos, majadas, puentes y abrevaderos que forman una extensa red de aproximadamente 125.000 kilómetros. Concretamente la Comunidad de Madrid es recorrida por un gran número de vías pecuarias que suman cerca de 4.000 kilómetros de longitud y más de 13.000 hectáreas de superficie (CAZORLA, A; et al., 1997). Como consecuencia del estado actual de degradación de las vías pecuarias, provocado, en gran medida, por su falta de uso, cabe pensar en una utilización racional de las mismas como espacios soporte para diversas actividades compatibles con su utilización principal, el tránsito ganadero. La finalidad de este estudio es, por tanto, el desarrollo de un modelo que permita clasificar y valorar las vías pecuarias con vistas a la asignación de nuevos usos. En primer lugar es necesario definir los factores que intervienen en el proceso de clasificación y valoración de una red pecuaria (Factores determinantes). Dichos factores, además de reflejar el estado actual evalúan la potencialidad de utili-zación de las vías pecuarias para los diferentes usos admitidos legalmente. Dado que las características de las vías pecua

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