No abstract

The highest volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentration from palm oil mill effluent (POME) treated by anaerobic fermentation was achieved for a 1-day process when the main acids used were acetic, propionic and butyric acids. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production with VFAs from POME as precursors in the fed-batch mode has advantages over batch mode, both in terms of its productivity and 3HV (3-hydroxyvalerate) composition in the produced polymer. With the fed batch, the productivity increased to 343% and contained more 3HV than those of the batch. The structures of the PHA were identified by different methods and they supported each other; the resulting products consisted of functional groups of 3HB (3-hydroxybutyrate) and 3HV.

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a palm industrial waste by‐product that is readily available and possesses high quantities of the organic compounds that are necessary for microbial growth. This study investigated the potential of immobilized Aspergillus oryzae whole cells expressing Candida antartica lipase B (r‐CALB) when using a POME‐based medium as a low‐cost carbon source within biomass support particles. The dry cell weight, hydrolytic activity, and remaining protein were measured for a variety of POME (0–2% w/v) and carbon source concentrations (0–2% w/v) with an incubation time of 96 h. Using POME in the culture medium as a carbon source instead of glucose doubled the retention of cell weight from 1.16 ± 0.03 to 2.36 ± 0.02 g within the biomass support particles and improved the hydrolytic activity from 1.61 ± 0.02 to 2.23 ± 0.02 U mg−1 in whole‐cell lipase. This immobilized r‐CALB was used as a catalyst to esterify POME into biodiesel. This synthesis produced an ester content of 97.52 ± 0.21% w/w after 96 h. Immobilized r‐CALB was reusable for more than ten batches, and resulted in an ethyl ester content of more than 90% w/w even after 10 cycles. The present study demonstrated that POME could serve as a sustainable carbon source for industrial microbial culture with the additional incentive of being a treatment that is inexpensive and sustainable. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Green diesel is an alternative solution for solving problems using biomass energy as a fuel source. The advantages of this second-generation green diesel or biodiesel (Gen-2nd) are capable of reaching cetane numbers 70-90, far higher than the Gen-1st biodiesel performance of cetane numbers 50-65, respectively. The production process is through hydrogenation reactions with hydrogen injection of 4-9 MPa, the use of heterogeneous NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts, and takes place in temperatures of 280 - 380°C. The need to design this catalytic hydrogenation reactor to convert crude palm oil (CPO) into green diesel fuel is good and safe when operating at high pressures and temperatures. The optimum operation was obtained by varying the amount of CPO oil raw material and NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst used in producing the best percent yield and green diesel characterization. At a temperature of 315°C, the highest yield was 68.2%, where the number of products began to decline above these temperature conditions. The green diesel specifications obtained have met diesel oil standards (Directorate General of Oil and Gas, 2016) by testing density, kinematic viscosity, water content, flash point, calorific value, and cetane numbers.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui berapa persentase penambahan tepung daun kelor dan lama waktu fermentasi untuk menghasilkan yogurt yang berkualitas. Pada pembuatan yogurt ini memvariasikan konsentrasi penambahan tepung daun kelor dan lama waktu fermentasi selama 14 dan 16 jam. Bahan baku yang digunakan adalah susu UHT dengan variasi yang sama untuk semua sampel, sedangkan variasi penambahan tepung daun kelor sebanyak 0, 2, 4, 6 dan 8 gram. Pada pembuatan yogurt ini dilakukan uji organoleptik untuk mengetahui tingkat kesukaan konsumen terhadap penambahan tepung daun kelor yang paling tepat agar dihasilkan formula yogurt daun kelor yang paling baik.  Pilihan pada B1 (kontrol), B2 (disukai) dan B5 (tidak disukai).