Utilizing palm oil mill effluent (POME) for the immobilization of Aspergillus oryzae whole‐cell lipase strains for biodiesel synthesis

Abstract

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a palm industrial waste by‐product that is readily available and possesses high quantities of the organic compounds that are necessary for microbial growth. This study investigated the potential of immobilized Aspergillus oryzae whole cells expressing Candida antartica lipase B (r‐CALB) when using a POME‐based medium as a low‐cost carbon source within biomass support particles. The dry cell weight, hydrolytic activity, and remaining protein were measured for a variety of POME (0–2% w/v) and carbon source concentrations (0–2% w/v) with an incubation time of 96 h. Using POME in the culture medium as a carbon source instead of glucose doubled the retention of cell weight from 1.16 ± 0.03 to 2.36 ± 0.02 g within the biomass support particles and improved the hydrolytic activity from 1.61 ± 0.02 to 2.23 ± 0.02 U mg−1 in whole‐cell lipase. This immobilized r‐CALB was used as a catalyst to esterify POME into biodiesel. This synthesis produced an ester content of 97.52 ± 0.21% w/w after 96 h. Immobilized r‐CALB was reusable for more than ten batches, and resulted in an ethyl ester content of more than 90% w/w even after 10 cycles. The present study demonstrated that POME could serve as a sustainable carbon source for industrial microbial culture with the additional incentive of being a treatment that is inexpensive and sustainable. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Low-cost production of cell-bound lipases by pure and co-culture of yeast and bacteria in palm oil mill effluent and the applications in bioremediation and biodiesel synthesis

“…Whereas COD level is usually at the range of 40,000-50,000 mg/L, where in this research, the COD concentration was higher at 67,145 mg/L than other COD measured in other researches such as 37,000-48,000 g/L [9] and 55,230 mg/L [44]. In addition, many studies have tried to utilize POME as a nutrient for culture fermentation media such as Bacillus cereus MF661883 to produce lipid [51], Phaeodactylum tricornutum (microalgae) to produce sulfated extracellular polysaccharide (eSPS) [70], and Aspergillus oryzae whole cells expressing Candida antartica lipase B (r-CALB) to produce immobilized wholecell biocatalysts [53] (Table 1). POME contains many organic materials, such as O&G, carbohydrates, free fatty acids (FFAs), highly concentrated nitrogenous compounds, and minerals (e.g., K, N, Mg, Ca, P, Fe, B, Zn, Mn, and Cu) that can support the growth of heterotrophic microorganisms, a potential substrate for microbial biomass, and could be beneficial for the cultivation of various types of microorganisms according to several studies [40,44,51,71].…”

“…Furthermore, the significant amount of nutrients presents in the wastewater, resulting in an algae bloom [72]. Based on the potency of its components, POME could be used with treatment and aeration, which could serve as a suitable substrate to nourish and develop yeast and bacterial cells for CBL production [53,73].…”

“…Furthermore, research in yeast had focused on the ability of cell wall glycoproteins, such as mannoproteins, to adsorb harmful medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and phenolic chemicals [50]. Many attempts have been made to use POME as a medium for microbial production [40,44,[51][52][53][54], but an application employing yeast-bacteria co-culture for CBL synthesis using the oil content in this wastewater as part of a combined biotreatment method has yet to be discovered (Table 1).…”

Waste-Cooking-Oil Free Fatty Acid Reduction Using Deep Eutectic Solvent as Raw Material of Biodiesel

“…Hydrogen bond acceptor is acts important role to adsorption the hydrogen contained which makes FFA increases [19]. For conversion to biodiesel, we need waste-cookingoil that has a FFA content lower under 2% of FFA to avoid saponification during conversion process to biodiesel [20].…”

Utilization of palm oil mill effluent as a novel substrate for the production of antifungal compounds by Streptomyces philanthi RM-1-138 and evaluation of its efficacy in suppression of three strains of oil palm pathogen

“…In bioconversion, the rich organic residue in POME is used as a substrate for specific microorganisms to grow and consume while concurrently producing biomass and the targeted products, for example, bioenergy and biochemicals. Most researcher's studies were reported using POME as a substrate for bioenergy (Cheng et al, 2019;Hamid et al, 2019;Krishnan et al, 2019;Mamimin et al, 2016;Mishra et al, 2019;Prasertsan et al, 2021;Rachmadona et al, 2021;Rosa et al, 2020;Zaied et al, 2020). Studies on ultrafiltered POME concentrates or retentates as growth media for Penicillium chrysogenum in the production of antibiotics have been conducted some time ago (Suwandi, 1991;Suwandi & Mohammad, 1984).…”