frank Zufall 9 , pablo chamero 10 & José Luis trejo 11* pheromone detection by the vomeronasal organ (Vno) mediates important social behaviors across different species, including aggression and sexual behavior. However, the relationship between vomeronasal function and social hierarchy has not been analyzed reliably. We evaluated the role of pheromone detection by receptors expressed in the apical layer of the VNO such as vomeronasal type 1 receptors (V1R) in dominance behavior by using a conditional knockout mouse for G protein subunit Gαi2, which is essential for V1R signaling. We used the tube test as a model to analyze the within-acage hierarchy in male mice, but also as a paradigm of novel territorial competition in animals from different cages. In absence of prior social experience, Gαi2 deletion promotes winning a novel social competition with an unfamiliar control mouse but had no effect on an established hierarchy in cages with mixed genotypes, both Gαi2 −/− and controls. to further dissect social behavior of Gαi2 −/− mice, we performed a 3-chamber sociability assay and found that mutants had a slightly altered social investigation. Finally, gene expression analysis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) for a subset of genes previously linked to social status revealed no differences between group-housed Gαi2 −/− and controls. Our results reveal a direct influence of pheromone detection on territorial dominance, indicating that olfactory communication involving apical VNO receptors like V1R is important for the outcome of an initial social competition between two unfamiliar male mice, whereas final social status acquired within a cage remains unaffected. These results support the idea that previous social context is relevant for the development of social hierarchy of a group. Overall, our data identify two context-dependent forms of dominance, acute and chronic, and that pheromone signaling through V1R receptors is involved in the first stages of a social competition but in the long term is not predictive for high social ranks on a hierarchy. Social dominance comprises a set of behaviors related to the control of resources between animals of the same species, including access to territory, reproduction, and food 1. Such imposition can be either chronic or acute when animals face either repetitive or sporadic encounters. In group-living animals, repetitive encounters of animals living in the same group can lead to social dominance, i.e. social hierarchy, conditioned by the group's social history 2. In non-group living animals, territorial control can occur as a result of acute dyadic interactions 3 between animals with no record of previous contact. Whether these two different types of dominance are regulated by the same neural mechanisms is currently unclear.

I n acute cerebral ischemia because of large vessel occlusion (LVO), endovascular thrombectomy is a highly effective treatment that is now standard of care. [1][2][3][4] Moreover, the degree of benefit from endovascular thrombectomy is highly time dependent.5 For every 1 minute that therapy is delayed in a typical large artery ischemic stroke, 2 million more brain cells die 5 ; for every 4 minutes that therapy is delayed between emergency department arrival and reperfusion, 1 of every 100 patients has a worse disability outcome. 6 For this reason, the national ideal target for the time interval from patient arrival in the emergency department to arterial puncture is <60 minutes. 7Background and Purpose-Rapid decision making optimizes outcomes from endovascular thrombectomy for acute cerebral ischemia. Visual displays facilitate swift review of potential outcomes and can accelerate decision processes. Methods-From patient-level, pooled randomized trial data, 100 person-icon arrays (Kuiper-Marshall personographs) were generated showing beneficial and adverse effects of endovascular thrombectomy for patients with acute cerebral ischemia and large vessel occlusion using (1) automated (algorithmic) and (2) expert-guided joint outcome table specification. Results-For the full 7-category modified Rankin Scale, thrombectomy added to IV tPA (intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator) alone had number needed to treat to benefit 2.9 (95% confidence interval, 2.6-3.3) and number needed to harm 68.9 (95% confidence interval, 40-250); thrombectomy for patients ineligible for IV tPA had number needed to treat to benefit 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 2.1-2.5) and number needed to harm 100 (95% confidence interval, 62.5-250). Visual displays of treatment effects on 100 patients showed: with thrombectomy added to IV tPA alone, 34 patients have better disability outcome, including 14 more normal or near normal (modified Rankin Scale, 0-1); with thrombectomy for patients ineligible for IV tPA, 44 patients have a better disability outcome, including 16 more normal or nearly normal. Displays also showed that harm (increased modified Rankin Scale final disability) occurred in 1 of 100 patients in both populations, mediated by increased new territory infarcts. The person-icon figures integrated these outcomes, and early side-effects, in a single display. Conclusions-Visual decision aids are now available to rapidly educate healthcare providers, patients, and families about benefits and risks of endovascular thrombectomy, both when added to IV tPA in tPA-eligible patients and as the sole reperfusion treatment in tPA-ineligible patients. (Stroke. 2018;49:90-97.

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Vitamin A defi ciency is uncommon in developed countries. Bariatric surgery emerges a an important risk factor for vitamin A defi ciency and some clinical cases have been described, specially associated with malabsorptive surgical techniques, such as biliopancreatic diversion. In this paper we report a clinical case of a patient who developed blindness, ophthalmological disease and cutaneous alterations secondary to vitamin A defi ciency after gastric bypass. A review of other publications and recommendations on this important subject is also included. ResumenLa defi ciencia de vitamina A es infrecuente en los países desarrollados. La cirugía bariátrica constituye un factor de riesgo de defi ciencia de esta vitamina. Se han descrito varios casos en pacientes sometidos a técnicas con un importante componente malabsortivo, como la derivación biliopancreática. En este artículo se describe un caso de defi ciencia clínica de vitamina A con manifestaciones oculares y cutáneas tras bypass gástrico y se revisan las publicaciones sobre este tema y las recomendaciones para la prevención de esta importante complicación.

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