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Chloride (Cl−) and nitrate (NO3−) are closely related anions involved in plant growth. Their similar physical and chemical properties make them to interact in cellular processes like electrical balance and osmoregulation. Since both anions share transport mechanisms, Cl− has been considered to antagonize NO3− uptake and accumulation in plants. However, we have recently demonstrated that Cl− provided at beneficial macronutrient levels improves nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE). Biochemical mechanisms by which beneficial Cl− nutrition improves NUE in plants are poorly understood. First, we determined that Cl− nutrition at beneficial macronutrient levels did not impair the NO3− uptake efficiency, maintaining similar NO3− content in the root and in the xylem sap. Second, leaf NO3− content was significantly reduced by the treatment of 6 mM Cl− in parallel with an increase in NO3− utilization and NUE. To verify whether Cl− nutrition reduces leaf NO3− accumulation by inducing its assimilation, we analysed the content of N forms and the activity of different enzymes and genes involved in N metabolism. Chloride supply increased transcript accumulation and activity of most enzymes involved in NO3− assimilation into amino acids, along with a greater accumulation of organic N (mostly proteins). A reduced glycine/serine ratio and a greater ammonium accumulation pointed to a higher activity of the photorespiration pathway in leaves of Cl−-treated plants. Chloride, in turn, promoted higher transcript levels of genes encoding enzymes of the photorespiration pathway. Accordingly, microscopy observations suggested strong interactions between different cellular organelles involved in photorespiration. Therefore, in this work we demonstrate for the first time that the greater NO3− utilization and NUE induced by beneficial Cl− nutrition is mainly due to the stimulation of NO3− assimilation and photorespiration, possibly favouring the production of ammonia, reductants and intermediates that optimize C-N re-utilization and plant growth. This work demonstrates new Cl− functions and remarks on its relevance as a potential tool to manipulate NUE in plants.

BackgroundBelimumab (BLM) is a recombinant human IgG-1λ monoclonal antibody that inhibits B-cell activating factor. It is commonly used for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with inadequate control to first-line treatments and inability to taper GC daily dose to acceptable levels. More recently it has been approved for patients with active lupus nephritis.ObjectivesTo report baseline profile of SLE patients treated with BLM enrolled in a SLE Spanish registry.MethodsMulticenter retrospective and longitudinal cohort study including SLE patients treated with BLM in 18 Spanish rheumatology units. Demographic, clinical data and treatments were collected at baseline, 6, 12 months and in the last visit available. Patients starting BLM in different periods (2010-2015 and 2016-2021) were compared regarding the reason of prescription of the drug.Results324 patients (91% female, 84,8% caucasian) were enrolled. Mean (±SD) age at diagnosis: 31.8 years (±11.9); mean disease duration of 8.7 years (±9.07) and mean follow-up 3.8 (±2.7). A total of 319 (98.45%) subjects met SLE 1997 ACR or SLICC 2012 criteria; 217 (68.2%) were anti-dsDNA positive and 224 (69.8%) had low complement levels. At baseline, the mean SLEDAI-2K score was 10.4 (±5.25); 152 (47.5%) of patients had damage with a mean SDI score of 0.83 (±1.2). A total of 289 patients (89.2%) had received disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) before BLM: conventional (cDMARDS) in 282 patients (87%) and biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) in 74 patients (22.8%); 164 (51.9%) had received more than one cDMARDs, methotrexate being the most frequently used (44.4%). Other cDMARDs used were: mycophenolate mofetil in 104 (37.01%), azathioprine in 91 (32.38%), leflunomide in 29 (10.32%), cyclophosphamide in 28 (9.92%) and calcineurin inhibitors in 13 (4.6%) of patients. The most frequent bDMARDs used was Rituximab in 80%. Most patients were receiving antimalarials (83,2%) and glucocorticoids (GC) (91.2%), with a mean dose of 12.3 mg/day. A total of 209 (67.9%) patients were receiving more than 5 mg/day and 180 (58.4%) more than 7.5 mg/day of prednisone.BLM was used in monotherapy in 99 (30.5%) subjects. It was initiated due to disease activity in 307 patients (95%) and/or as a GC sparing agent in 191 patients (59%). Most patients initiated BLM for several concurrent reason; only a few patients received BLM just for maintenance (4/322) or save GC (8/322). At baseline, only 6 patients (1.9%) were in DORIS-21-remission and LLDAS. The main reasons of prescription for ongoing activity were arthritis (65.4%), cutaneous (40.7 %) or both (81%). There were no statistically significant differences in any of the prescription reasons when comparing the periods 2010-2015 and 2016-2021.Table 1.Type and reasons of prescription of BelimumabN (%) or mean (± SD) (n = 324 patients)Age at prescription of Belimumab (years)42.3 (± 12.9)Intravenous Belimumab215 (66.35%)Subcutaneous Belimumab110 (33%)Reasons of prescription* (multiple response allowed)Disease activity307 (95%)Maintenance197 (61%)Glucocorticoid sparing191 (59 %)ActivityCutaneous132 (40.7 %)Articular212 (65.4%)Renal58 (17,9%)Hematological60 (18.5%)Serosal47 (14.5%)Other29 (8.82%)ConclusionIn the majority of patients, belimumab was prescribed after the use of other DMARDs and more than 50% of patients had received at least 2 DMARDs and were receiving GC at medium doses. One third of patients received BLM as monotherapy. It was prescribed due to active disease in the vast majority of patients and/or as GC sparing agent. Activity in articular and cutaneous domains were the main reasons of indication. No changes in prescription habits were identified over time.REFERENCES:NIL.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.

Conventions de transcription ... : pauses et silences (XXX) : commentaires, traductions de l'espagnol ou formes corre ctes en français. « XXX » : mots en espagnol. /XXX/ : transcriptions phonétiques. XXX : phénomène étudié. 1 Notre travail est centré sur l'étude des variables discursives des interventions du locuteur enseignant (en position d'Intervieweur-Professeur-Chercheur) et du locuteur apprenant (en position d'Interviewé-Apprenant-Informateur) et la manière dont ces variables déterminent le discours de l'autre dans le cadre d'un processus d'acquisition en milieu institutionnel. Nous nous sommes penchées sur le rôle de l'interaction des participants dans la construction de leurs discours pris dans leur évolution, c'est-à-dire l'influence des manifestations discursives, linguistiques et para-linguistiques d'un sujet parlant sur le discours de l'autre. 2 Nous avons travaillé à partir d'un corpus constitué dans le cadre d'une recherche commencée à Buenos Aires : « Le rôle de la langue maternelle dans le processus d'acquisition-apprentissage d'une langue étrangère par des étudiants débutants en milieu institutionnel ». Ce corpus comprend des entretiens réalisés par des professeurs/chercheurs avec quatre apprenants tous les trois mois au cours d'une année d'apprentissage, au total huit heures d'enregistrement. Dans ces entretiens, le professeur interviewe l'apprenant pour susciter la production libre du discours en vue de l'étude de la construction du lexique en langue étrangère.

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IntroductionAntipsychotic therapy is the cornerstone of the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychoses. Although clinical guidelines tend to recommend the use of antipsychotics in monotherapy, combination of two or more antipsychotics (that is, polytherapy) is a common habit in clinical practice.ObjectivesTo assess differences in antipsychotic combination profile between patients with schizophrenia and patients with other psychoses.MethodsA total of 241 patients (40.2% females, mean age 39.7+/−13.0 years) consecutively admitted during 2009 to a psychiatric inpatient ward with diagnosis of schizophrenia and other psychoses were assessed.Results145 (60.2%) patients were diagnosed with schizophrenia while 96 patients (39.8%) were diagnosed with other psychoses (schizoaffective disorder n = 35, delusional disorder n = 8, schizophreniform disorder n = 8, brief psychotic disorder n = 13, psychotic disorder not otherwise specified n = 27, and other psychoses n = 5). Out of the total sample, polytherapy was used in 150 (62.2%) patients. A total of 100 (69.0%) patients with schizophrenia were on polytherapy, compared to 52.1% of those with other psychoses (p = 0.008). After controlling for age and gender, the association between a diagnosis of schizophrenia and being in polytherapy remained significant (p = 0.046).ConclusionsPatients diagnosed with schizophrenia are more prone to be in polytherapy than those with other psychoses.

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