Background: Lockdown due to COVID-19 influenced food habits and lifestyles with potential negative health impact. This study aims to identify patterns of change in eating habits and physical activity during COVID-19 lockdown in Spain and to identify associations with sociodemographic factors and usual habits. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1155 adults recruited online to answer a 10-section questionnaire. The protocol assessed usual diet by means of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, usual physical activity (PA) and supplement use, dietary changes, sedentary time, PA, exposure to sunlight, sleep quality, and smoking during confinement. Patterns of dietary change were identified by factor analysis. Factor scores were included in cluster analysis together with change in PA. Results: Six patterns of dietary change were identified that together with PA changes during lockdown defined three clusters of lifestyle change: a cluster less active, a more active cluster, and a third cluster as active as usual. People who were usually less active were more likely to be classified in the cluster that increased physical activity in confinement. Scores of the Healthy Mediterranean-Style dietary pattern were higher in this group. Conclusions: Different patterns of change in lifestyles in confinement suggest the need to tailor support and advice to different population groups.

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Angiotensin II type 2 receptor is present in human semen and may be involved in the control of sperm motility. In-depth understanding of the proteins involved in sperm motility can help to elucidate the role of these proteins in male infertility as well as to establish new biomarkers for male infertility.

The phosphoproteome downstream KOR has been studied in human spermatozoa by applying quantitative MS-based proteomics. This studies have been combined with functional approaches to analyze the role of the receptor in the sperm physiology. Results reported phosphorylation changes in spermspecific proteins as well as the inhibition of sperm motility and acrosome after the addition of U50488H, the specific ligand. Graphical Abstract Highlights• Insights into molecular mechanisms underlying GPCR in human spermatozoa.• Quantitative phosphoproteomics downstream Kappa opioid receptor in human spermatozoa.• U50488H agonist induces phosphorylation changes in sperm-specific proteins.• U50488H inhibits human sperm motility and acrosome reaction.

Limited knowledge is available on lifestyle patterns in Spanish adults. We investigated dietary patterns and possible meaningful clustering of physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep time, and smoking in Spanish adults aged 18–64 years and their association with obesity. Analysis was based on a subsample (n = 1617) of the cross-sectional ANIBES study in Spain. We performed exploratory factor analysis and subsequent cluster analysis of dietary patterns, physical activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep time, and smoking. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between the cluster solutions and obesity. Factor analysis identified four dietary patterns, “Traditional DP”, “Mediterranean DP”, “Snack DP” and “Dairy-sweet DP”. Dietary patterns, physical activity behaviors, sedentary behaviors, sleep time, and smoking in Spanish adults aggregated into three different clusters of lifestyle patterns: “Mixed diet-physically active-low sedentary lifestyle pattern”, “Not poor diet-low physical activity-low sedentary lifestyle pattern” and “Poor diet-low physical activity-sedentary lifestyle pattern”. A higher proportion of people aged 18–30 years was classified into the “Poor diet-low physical activity-sedentary lifestyle pattern”. The prevalence odds ratio for obesity in men in the “Mixed diet-physically active-low sedentary lifestyle pattern” was significantly lower compared to those in the “Poor diet-low physical activity-sedentary lifestyle pattern”. Those behavior patterns are helpful to identify specific issues in population subgroups and inform intervention strategies. The findings in this study underline the importance of designing and implementing interventions that address multiple health risk practices, considering lifestyle patterns and associated determinants.

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a peptidic system known mainly for its roles in the maintenance of blood pressure and electrolyte and fluid homeostasis. However, several tissues and cells have been described to possess an intrinsic RAS that acts locally through different paracrine and autocrine mechanisms. In the male reproductive system, several components of this system have been observed in various organs and tissues, such as the testes, spermatozoa and seminal fluid. Some functions attributed to this local RAS are maintenance of seminal plasma electrolytes, regulation of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, and sperm functions. However, their specific actions in these locations are not fully understood. Therefore, a deep knowledge of the functions of the RAS at both the testicular and seminal levels could clarify its roles in male infertility and sperm physiology, and the different RAS elements could be used to design tools enabling the diagnosis and/or treatment of male infertility.

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Human sperm protein associated with the nucleus on the X chromosome (SpAnX) genes encode a protein family (SpAnX-A,-B,-c and-D), whose expression is limited to the testis and spermatozoa in normal tissues and to a wide variety of tumour cells. present only in hominids, SpAnX-A/D is exclusively expressed in post-meiotic spermatids and mature spermatozoa. However, the biological role of the protein family in human spermatozoa is largely unknown. combining proteomics and molecular approaches, the present work describes the presence of all isoforms of SpAnX-A/D in human spermatozoa and novel phosphorylation sites of this protein family. In addition, we identify 307 potential SpAnX-A/D interactors related to nuclear envelop, chromatin organisation, metabolism and cilia movement. Specifically, SPANX-A/D interacts with fumarate hydratase and colocalises with both fumarate hydratase and Tektin 1 proteins, involved in meeting energy demands for sperm motility, and with nuclear pore complex nucleoporins. We provide insights into the molecular features of sperm physiology describing for the first time a multifunctional role of SPANX-A/D protein family in nuclear envelope, sperm movement and metabolism, considered key functions for human spermatozoa. SpAnX-A/D family members, therefore, might be promising targets for sperm fertility management. Currently, over 186 million people worldwide have infertility problems 1 , and male factors represent approximately 40-50% of clinical infertility cases 2. Among other factors, anatomical or genetic abnormalities, problems in spermatogenesis or environmental factors 3 , are responsible for abnormal sperm parameters which contribute to male infertility. However, approximately 20-30% of men with normal sperm parameters have impaired fertility suggesting that male infertility can be caused by different deficiencies not yet described. The sperm protein associated with the nucleus mapped to the X chromosome (SPANX) family is a testis-specific multigene family. SPANX genes encode proteins that belong to the so-called "cancer testis antigens" (CTA) family, a group of proteins whose expression is limited to the testis and spermatozoa in normal tissues and to a wide variety of tumours 4,5. The SPANX family includes two subfamilies: the SPANX-N subfamily, composed of SPANX-N1,-N2,-N3,-N4 (in the locus Xq27.3) and-N5 (in the locus Xp11.22) that share a high level of sequence homology 6 ; and the SPANX-A/D subfamily, which includes SPANX-A1,-A2,-C,-D (in the locus Xq27.2) and-B (in the locus Xq27.1) with high sequence homology 5,7. Evolved from a common ancestor, the SPANX-N gene family is present in mice, rats and all primates, while the SPANX-A/D family is expressed only in hominids, including humans, bonobos and chimpanzees 8. All SPANX proteins exhibit a similar post-meiotic expression pattern during spermatogenesis, appearing for the first time in haploid spermatids 4,7,9. In mature spermatozoa, SPANX-N proteins are localised on the acrosome 6 , while SPANX-A/D proteins are expressed as dots