Lifestyle Patterns and Weight Status in Spanish Adults: The ANIBES Study

Abstract

Limited knowledge is available on lifestyle patterns in Spanish adults. We investigated dietary patterns and possible meaningful clustering of physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep time, and smoking in Spanish adults aged 18–64 years and their association with obesity. Analysis was based on a subsample (n = 1617) of the cross-sectional ANIBES study in Spain. We performed exploratory factor analysis and subsequent cluster analysis of dietary patterns, physical activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep time, and smoking. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between the cluster solutions and obesity. Factor analysis identified four dietary patterns, “Traditional DP”, “Mediterranean DP”, “Snack DP” and “Dairy-sweet DP”. Dietary patterns, physical activity behaviors, sedentary behaviors, sleep time, and smoking in Spanish adults aggregated into three different clusters of lifestyle patterns: “Mixed diet-physically active-low sedentary lifestyle pattern”, “Not poor diet-low physical activity-low sedentary lifestyle pattern” and “Poor diet-low physical activity-sedentary lifestyle pattern”. A higher proportion of people aged 18–30 years was classified into the “Poor diet-low physical activity-sedentary lifestyle pattern”. The prevalence odds ratio for obesity in men in the “Mixed diet-physically active-low sedentary lifestyle pattern” was significantly lower compared to those in the “Poor diet-low physical activity-sedentary lifestyle pattern”. Those behavior patterns are helpful to identify specific issues in population subgroups and inform intervention strategies. The findings in this study underline the importance of designing and implementing interventions that address multiple health risk practices, considering lifestyle patterns and associated determinants.

The Influence of Place of Residence, Gender and Age Influence on Food Group Choices in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study

“…However, it is a fact that studies conducted in the last decade seem to show that these differences have started to dilute [ 11 ]. Demographic variables and their influence on food product availability and accessibility have been analyzed in a number of studies internationally [ 31 ], in Europe [ 17 ], and in our country [ 22 , 26 ], with most researchers agreeing that, at present, these matters seem to have been overcome in most urban and semi-urban areas of Spain. Globalized markets that encompass increased, regular transportation, distribution, and homogeneous commercialization of a high variety of food staples, regardless of their origin, are factors enabling diet variety and choice.…”

“…Energy and nutrient intakes were calculated using software specifically developed for the ANIBES study (VD-FEN 2.1 software-Dietary Evaluation Programme, Spanish Nutrition Foundation, Madrid, Spain); this software was developed based on data from the Food Composition Tables by Moreiras et al [ 28 ]. Food and beverages were arranged into 16 food groups ( Supplementary Material Table S1 ), which comprised a total of 754 food items, grouped taking into account the similarities of their nutrient profiles [ 22 ], and consumption was expressed as grams per day.…”

“…A low adherence to the Dietary Guidelines in Spain, especially in the overweight/obese population was observed in the analysis by Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al [ 21 ]. Finally, the clustered lifestyle patterns and diet quality of the ANIBES population sample were analyzed by Perez-Rodrigo et al [ 22 ], which showed that a major proportion of people aged 18–30 years could be classified within the “ Poor diet-low physical activity-sedentary lifestyle pattern ”.…”

Plate Waste Generated by Spanish Households and Out-of-Home Consumption: Results from the ANIBES Study

“…Demographic variables and their influence on food product availability and accessibility have already been examined in a number of studies worldwide [50], in Europe [51], and in our country [52][53][54], and there is consensus that, at present, these matters seem to have been overcome in most urban and semi-urban areas of Spain. In our study, we found that sociodemographic characteristics had a significant influence over food waste, as populations from lower-income and -education segments produced less PW than those of higher-income populations.…”

Dietary Intake in Population with Metabolic Syndrome: Is the Prevalence of Inadequate Intake Influenced by Geographical Area? Cross-Sectional Analysis from PREDIMED-Plus Study

“…The prevalence of overweight has increased in the last 20 years with obesity figures now twice what they were twenty years ago and they have especially increased in the aged adult Spanish population [ 2 ]. The global burden of obesity and overweight can be explained by the increase in the consumption of diets with high energy density and low nutritional value, a consequence of the acquisition of Westernized dietary patterns [ 3 ].…”