In European and many African, Middle Eastern and Southern Asian populations lactase persistence (LP) is the most strongly selected monogenic trait to have evolved over the last 10,000 years 1 . While LP selection and prehistoric milk consumption must be linked, considerable uncertainty remains concerning their spatiotemporal configuration and specific interactions 2,3 . We provide detailed distributions of milk exploitation across Europe over the last 9k years using c. 7,000 pottery fat residues from >550 archaeological sites. European milk use was widespread from the Neolithic period onwards but varied spatially and temporally in intensity. Surprisingly, comparison of model likelihoods indicates that LP selection varying with levels of prehistoric milk exploitation provides no better explanation of LP allele frequency trajectories than uniform selection since the Neolithic. In the UK Biobank 4,5 cohort of ~500K contemporary Europeans, LP genotype was only weakly associated with milk consumption and did not show consistent associations with improved fitness or health indicators. This suggests other hypotheses on the beneficial effects of LP should be considered for its rapid frequency increase. We propose that lactase non-persistent individuals consumed milk when it became available, but that under particular conditions and microbiological milieux this was disadvantageous, driving LP selection in prehistoric Europe. Comparison of model likelihoods indicates that population fluctuations, settlement density and wild animal exploitationproxies for these driversprovide better explanations of LP selection than the extent of milk exploitation. These findings offer new perspectives on prehistoric milk exploitation and LP evolution.

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RESUMENPresentamos el hallazgo de un brazalete de oro encontrado en el sistema kárstico de Cueva Mayor-Cueva del Silo de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, España). Esta pieza excepcional, se caracteriza tecnológica, cronológica y culturalmente, así como su significado económico e ideológico en el contexto de la tecnología Villena/Estremoz (V/E) del Bronce final. El estudio se ha realizado mediante microscopía óp-tica (MO), y electrónica de barrido (MEB), y microanálisis elemental por dispersión de Rayos X (MEB-EDX).La presencia de este objeto de oro en la Meseta Norte y su paralelismo con otros ejemplos de la península ibérica confirmaría la conexión o intercambios tecnológicos, culturales y/o comerciales a larga distancia entre la vertiente atlántica y la mediterránea durante la Edad del Bronce. ABSTRACT We discuss the technological, chronological and cultural characterization, as well as the economic and ideological significance of an intact prehistoric gold bracelet found in the Cueva Mayor-Cueva del Silo karst system, in the Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain. The study includes observation under optical (MO) and Scanning Electron (SEM) microscopes and an elemental analysis by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).The

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