A new sediment contact assay to assess particle-bound pollutants using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Soils and Sediments, http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/jss2003.09.085 Journal ofAccess to the published version may require subscription. Conclusions.A modified protocol of the zebrafish embryo test allows the assessment of sediment toxicity in both aqueous extracts and native sediments. The isolated investigation of pore waters may result in a clear-cut underestimation of the bioavailability of lipophilic particle-bound substances (as determined by native sediments). Recommendations and Perspectives.The zebrafish embryo test with native (whole, solid phase) sediments appears very promising for the evaluation of the bioavailable fraction of lipophilic particle-bound substances and can therefore be recommended for the evaluation of vertebrate toxicity in tiered sediment test strategies and dredging directives such as the HABAB-WSV. Whereas acetone extracts may be tested as a rough estimation of embryotoxicity, native sediment samples will provide a more comprehensive and realistic insight into the bioavailable hazard potential. (2) to compare the hazard potential of solid phase sediments to the effects of corresponding pore waters and organic extracts in order to characterize the bioavailability of the particle-bound pollutants; and (3) to relatively evaluate the embryotoxic effects of sediments from the catchment areas of the rivers Rhine, Neckar and Danube. Keywords Methods (or Main Features).To investigate the toxicity of sediment samples on vertebrates, the standard embryo toxicity test with the zebrafish (Danio rerio; Hamilton-Buchanan 1922) according to DIN 38415-6 was modified with respect to exposure scheme and toxicological endpoints. Sediments from the catchment area of the Neckar River were assessed using pore waters, acetonic extracts and native sediments in order to get inside into the potential bioavailability of particle-bound pollutants. A comprehensive test protocol for the investigation of native sediments in the embryo toxicity test with the zebrafish is presented.Results and Discussion. The fish embryo assay with Danio rerio can be carried out with both aqueous and organic sediment extracts as well as native (whole, solid phase) sediment samples. Elongation of exposure time from 48 to up to 196 h significantly increased the mortality. Using the fish egg assay with native sediments, a broad range of embryotoxic effects could be elucidated, including clear-cut dose-response curves for the embryotoxic effects of contaminated sediments; in contrast, absence of embryotoxic effects could be demonstrated even for the highest test concentrations of unpolluted sediments. With native sediments, embryotoxicity was clearly higher than with corresponding pore waters, thus corroborating the view that -at least for fish eggs -the bioavailability of particle-bound lipophilic substances in native sediments is higher than generally assumed. The relative ranking of sediment toxicity was identical using both nati...
In order to assess the impact of herbicides on aquatic ecosystems, detailed information on the factors that govern the input and the behavior of such chemicals in rivers, lakes, and coastal seawater is required. In this context, we studied the input characteristics (seasonal variation) as well as the distribution and residence time of the herbicides atrazine, simazine, and terbutylazine and of the primary atrazine metabolites hydroxyatrazine, desethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine in three Swiss lakes exhibiting quite different catchment areas and/or hydraulic properties. The results obtained from numerous field measurements (period of 5 years, 1990-1994) combined with computer simulations indicate that all compounds investigated showed a conservative behavior in the water column of the lakes (i.e., no elimination other than by flushing), except for a short period in the summer, where some minor elimination occurred in the epilimnion. The major input of both the parent triazine herbicides and the metabolites occurred in the epilimnion during or right after the application period. For atrazine, the most abundant of the three herbicides investigated, it is shown that the total annual input depended strongly on the rainfall during the application period. For a given lake, the annual input varied between 0.5% (dry weather) and 2% (very wet weather) of the total amount applied in the catchment area. For different lakes receiving similar amounts of rainfall, very similar input fractions were found despite the significantly different catchment areas. Among the metabolites, desethylatrazine occurred at levels similar to those for atrazine, while hydroxyatrazine and deisopropylatrazine were present at 2-4 times lower levels. Note that this study provides the first quantitative data on the transport of hydroxyatrazine from soils to surface waters. The results of this study form an important base for assessing or predicting past, present, and future inputs of triazines to lakes for which only limited data are available. Finally, this study demonstrates that small lakes exhibiting a well-characterized catchment area represent excellent experimental field systems for evaluating quantitatively the transport characteristics of herbicides and their metabolites from soils to surface waters and for assessing the persistence of such compounds in surface waters.
A new sediment contact assay to assess particle-bound pollutants using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Soils and Sediments, http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/jss2003.09.085 Journal ofAccess to the published version may require subscription. Conclusions.A modified protocol of the zebrafish embryo test allows the assessment of sediment toxicity in both aqueous extracts and native sediments. The isolated investigation of pore waters may result in a clear-cut underestimation of the bioavailability of lipophilic particle-bound substances (as determined by native sediments). Recommendations and Perspectives.The zebrafish embryo test with native (whole, solid phase) sediments appears very promising for the evaluation of the bioavailable fraction of lipophilic particle-bound substances and can therefore be recommended for the evaluation of vertebrate toxicity in tiered sediment test strategies and dredging directives such as the HABAB-WSV. Whereas acetone extracts may be tested as a rough estimation of embryotoxicity, native sediment samples will provide a more comprehensive and realistic insight into the bioavailable hazard potential. (2) to compare the hazard potential of solid phase sediments to the effects of corresponding pore waters and organic extracts in order to characterize the bioavailability of the particle-bound pollutants; and (3) to relatively evaluate the embryotoxic effects of sediments from the catchment areas of the rivers Rhine, Neckar and Danube. Keywords Methods (or Main Features).To investigate the toxicity of sediment samples on vertebrates, the standard embryo toxicity test with the zebrafish (Danio rerio; Hamilton-Buchanan 1922) according to DIN 38415-6 was modified with respect to exposure scheme and toxicological endpoints. Sediments from the catchment area of the Neckar River were assessed using pore waters, acetonic extracts and native sediments in order to get inside into the potential bioavailability of particle-bound pollutants. A comprehensive test protocol for the investigation of native sediments in the embryo toxicity test with the zebrafish is presented.Results and Discussion. The fish embryo assay with Danio rerio can be carried out with both aqueous and organic sediment extracts as well as native (whole, solid phase) sediment samples. Elongation of exposure time from 48 to up to 196 h significantly increased the mortality. Using the fish egg assay with native sediments, a broad range of embryotoxic effects could be elucidated, including clear-cut dose-response curves for the embryotoxic effects of contaminated sediments; in contrast, absence of embryotoxic effects could be demonstrated even for the highest test concentrations of unpolluted sediments. With native sediments, embryotoxicity was clearly higher than with corresponding pore waters, thus corroborating the view that -at least for fish eggs -the bioavailability of particle-bound lipophilic substances in native sediments is higher than generally assumed. The relative ranking of sediment toxicity was identical using both nati...
The dynamic behavior of the two fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) that are currently used in laundry detergents in Switzerland (DAS 1, a diaminostilbene, and DSBP, a distyrylbiphenyl) has been evaluated quantitatively during 1 year for Greifensee, a small lake in Switzerland, by using a one-box model and simulation software (MASAS) for modeling organic pollutants in lakes. Both the onebox model and the one-dimensional simulation were based on (i) independently evaluated processes affecting the fate of FWAs and (ii) measured FWA concentrations in the lake. The relevant processes were derived from literature data and from measurements in the lake and in its tributaries. Besides loading from tributaries, only photodegradation (responsible for 53% and 81% of the elimination of DAS 1 and DSBP, respectively), sorption/ sedimentation (20% and 9%), and flushing (27% and 10%) were found to be relevant for FWAs in Greifensee. In particular, no evidence was found for other degradation processes such as biodegradation or hydrolysis. During 1 year, concentration depth profiles were measured above the deepest point of the lake in intervals of 4 weeks. The measured FWA concentrations were between 50 and 120 ng L -1 (DAS 1) and between 10 and 110 ng L -1 (DSBP), with maximum values in the thermocline during summer. Evidence was found that these maximum values originated from subsurface loading occurring in summer at levels of 4-8 m depth. This study is one of the first field validations for photochemical degradation rates measured in the laboratory. FIGURE 1. Structures of the FWAs included in this study. DAS 1, 4,4′-bis[(4-anilino-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]stilbene-2,2′disulfonate; DSBP, 4,4′-bis(2-sulfostyryl)biphenyl.
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