With an increase in antibiotic resistance, a growing interest in developing new antimicrobial agents has gained popularity. Metal‐ and metal‐oxide‐based nanoparticles, surface‐to‐volume is able to distinguish bacterial cells from mammalian cells and can provide long‐term antibacterial and biofilm prevention. These nanoparticles elicit bactericidal properties through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are able to target physical structures, metabolic pathways, and DNA synthesis of prokaryotic cells leading to cell death. In this progress report, a critical analysis of current literature on antimicrobial effect of metal and metal‐oxide nanoparticles are examined. Specifically, the antimicrobial mechanisms of metal ions and metal nanomaterials are discussed. Antimicrobial efficiency of nanomaterials is correlated with the structural and physical properties, such as size, shape, and/or zeta potential. A critical analysis of the current state of metal and metal‐oxide nanomaterial research advances our understanding to overcome antibiotic resistance and provide alternatives to combat bacterial infections. Finally, emerging approaches to identify and minimize metallic poisoning, specifically for biomedical applications, are examined.
Elastic property‐porosity relationships are derived directly from microtomographic images. This is illustrated for a suite of four samples of Fontainebleau sandstone with porosities ranging from 7.5% to 22%. A finite‐element method is used to derive the elastic properties of digitized images. By estimating and minimizing several sources of numerical error, very accurate predictions of properties are derived in excellent agreement with experimental measurements over a wide range of the porosity. We consider the elastic properties of the digitized images under dry, water‐saturated, and oil‐saturated conditions. The observed change in the elastic properties due to fluid substitution is in excellent agreement with the exact Gassmann's equations. This shows both the accuracy and the feasibility of combining microtomographic images with elastic calculations to accurately predict petrophysical properties of individual rock morphologies. We compare the numerical predictions to various empirical, effective medium and rigorous approximations used to relate the elastic properties of rocks to porosity under different saturation conditions.
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