I INTRODUCTIONThis paper examines the influence of television on attendance at English FA Premier League football matches in the 1993-1994 season. It finds that satellite television has a significant net negative effect on such attendances.' This has potential consequences for the growing number of professional sports that are now broadcast live by satellite and/or cable television companies.'There have been numerous studies of sports attendance by economists. One of the major, but largely neglected, issues is the influence of television on the demand for tickets, which has potential significance for attendances together with the finances of individual clubs. In a system where earnings from television alone have increased by 3,0000/0 over the brief history of live coverage in the UK, there 'This is not to suggest, however, that the overall financial outcome is detrimental to football. The deal between the English Football Association and BSkyB is worth €214 million over the period 1992-1997. This is approximately six times the magnitude of the previous arrangement with terrestrial television. The payments system is analogous to a multipart tariff with each club receiving a fixed fee together with a sliding scale dependent on final position.'Satellite television began in the UK at the end of the 198Os, initially offering three channels dedicated to sport. Deregulation raised concerns that satellite companies would outbid terrestrial stations for major sporting events (Whannel, 1992).

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This paper investigates the relationship between workplace flexibility practices (WFPs) and corporate performance using data from the British Workplace Employment Relations Survey 2004.Disaggregating WFPs into numerical, functional and cost aspects, enables the analysis of their relationships to an objective measure of corporate performance, namely workplace financial turnover.Furthermore separate analyses are presented for different types of workplace: differentiated by workforce size; ownership; age; wage level and unionisation. Results show that different types of workplaces need to pay attention to the mix of WFPs they adopt. We find that certain cost WFPs (profitrelated pay, merit pay and payment-by-results) have strong positive relationships with corporate performance. However, training delivers mixed corporate performance results, while the extent of job autonomy and the proportion of part-time employees in a workplace have an inverse association with corporate performance. Given the limited existing research examining disaggregated measures of WFPs and objectively measured corporate performance, this paper offers useful insights for firms, policy makers and the overall economy.

A recent development in the UK television industry has been the emergence of satellite and cable broadcasting. We examine the entrance of the BSkyB satellite network into the coverage of the first division of the rugby football league over the 1993-94 season. This paper extends the familiar model of sport attendance to incorporate the live television transmission of games which is found to exert a negative influence on attendance. Our result suggests considerable scope for future research in this neglected aspect of the factors affecting sport attendance.

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This paper examines, for the first time, match attendance for football within the context of an international tournament, the European Championship staged in England in 1996. It develops the familiar demand function of economic, demographic, spatial, uncertainty of outcome determinants and exogenous match-specific factors with respect to an international championship rather than a domestic league situation. Significant determinants include match quality and sequence, distance between each participant and the host country, probability of tournament success, derby games, indigenous support together with the presence of either home team in a match. Given the importance of such international competitions for the financial probity and as showcases for the professional sport, the analysis of their key constituent features is important in maintaining their viability.

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This paper examines real effective exchange rate (REER) responses to shocks in exchange rate determinants for the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) over the period 1980-2015. The analysis is based on a country-by-country VECM, and oil price, supply and demand shocks are identified using long run restrictions in a structural VAR model. We report significant differences in the response of REER to real oil price, productivity (supply) and demand preference shocks across these economies.In addition the relative contribution of these shocks to REER movements in the short and long run appears to be different across economies. Our findings suggest that the WAMZ countries are structurally different, and asymmetric shocks with inadequate adjustment mechanisms imply that a monetary union would be costly.JEL Classification: E32, E63, F31, F33, F45 Adu, R., Baimbridge, M. and Litsios, I. (forthcoming) Real exchange rate and asymmetric shocks in the West African Monetary Zone (