Outcome uncertainty in sporting competition: the Olympic Games 1896–1996

Baimbridge, Mark

doi:10.1080/758521374

Cited by 37 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…We did not include the data for the 1980 (Moscow) and 1984 (Los Angeles) games, because many countries did not participate in them and thus the distribution of medals was seriously distorted, as Baimbridge (1998) has already pointed out. The medal tally data were collected from The Olympic Games (Dorling Kindersley Ltd., 1999).…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 96%

“…A large number of articles found the significant out-performance of the former Soviet or EasternEuropean countries in international competition (e.g., Baimbridge, 1998;Bernard & Busse, 2000;Grimes et al, 1984). To consider this phenomenon, a dummy variable for former (or current) socialist countries is assigned as SCD i = 1 if country i is a former or current socialist country = 0 otherwise.…”

Section: Estimating Performance Using Rcamentioning

confidence: 97%

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Reconsidering Performance at the Summer Olympics and Revealed Comparative Advantage

Tcha

Pershin

2003

Journal of Sports Economics

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This article examines the performance of the participating countries at the Summer Olympic Games. It investigates each country's performance and attempts to identify the determinants of this performance in each sport, and also examines other issues related to specialization at these games, using the concept of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) developed in the field of international economics. Each country's RCA is explained by geographical, biological, and economic variables of the participating countries. Most previous studies investigated the correlation between total/per capita performance and a wide range of variables using a range of methods the authors' consider inappropriate. A few studies employed more appropriate censoring methods; however, they did not consider heteroscedasticity or nonnormality in their regressions that could make the estimates inconsistent. In addition, RCA and specialization in the Olympics has never been analyzed. The analyses present the determinants of each country's specialization in sports and the patterns of RCA, which are substantially different from those obtained when analyzing total and per capita performance. The authors found that high-income countries specialize less; in other words, they win medals in a more diversified range of sports, which is analogous to a country's patterns of specialization in production, a topic frequently explored in international economics.The Olympics are no longer purely a showcase for the Olympic ideals of peace and international friendship of all mankind made manifest through participation in 216 AUTHORS' NOTE: We acknowledge comments and suggestions from Ken Clements, Jae Hoon Kim, Paul Miller, and participants at the seminar at the University of Western Australia. We greatly appreciate two anonymous referees whose comments were very constructive and helped to improve the quality of this article. We are also grateful to Andrew Semmens and Robin Wong for their assistance.

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Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Estimating Performance Using Rcamentioning

confidence: 97%

Reconsidering Performance at the Summer Olympics and Revealed Comparative Advantage

Tcha

Pershin

2003

Journal of Sports Economics

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“…The determinants of sporting success have been investigated in many studies (Kiviaho and Makela, 1978;Baimbridge, 1998;Condon et al, 1999;Kuper and Sterken, 2001;Hoffmann et al, 2002Hoffmann et al, , 2004Tcha and Pershin, 2003;Bernard and Busse, 2004;Johnson and Ali, 2004;Matros and Namoro, 2004). Most of the research utilised Olympic medal counts as a dependent variable, to represent Olympic success, and socio-economic variables as independent variables.…”

Section: Econometric Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

An economic analysis of sports performance in Africa

Luiz

Fadal

2011

International Journal of Social Economics

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Purpose -The purpose of this study is to develop insight into the socio-economic determinants of African sports performance. Previous studies have argued that a country's success in sports is directly related to the economic resources that are available for those sports. However, factors that are used to determine the levels of success for developed countries are not necessarily the same, or bear the same weight, as for developing countries. Design/methodology/approach -The premise of this study is to identify specific factors that increase success in sports in developing countries by means of several econometric specifications using cross sectional data for African countries. Findings -This study finds evidence that suggests that Africa's performance in sports is dependent on a range of socio-economic factors, which in some respects confirms worldwide studies. Money does indeed matter: GDP was the overwhelmingly consistent dependent variable in all four models tested. Interestingly, important shades of distinction between the various dependent variables are found. Originality/value -There is a lack of research in the field of sports and organizational economics especially in emerging countries. Previous studies have treated countries as a homogeneous grouping and allowed the broad aggregates to reveal the determinants. This study focuses on a sub-group of countries that are relatively poor, have had a complex past with colonial masters, and that generally have weak administrative structures.

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“…Empirical studies of the Olympics may be divided into those examining a single tournament (Snyder, 1936;Ball, 1972;Novikov and Maximenko, 1973;Levine, 1974;Grimes et al , 1974;Colwell, 1981Colwell, , 1982Condon et al , 1999) or an analysis of aggregate performance over several tournaments (Jokl, 1964;Sappanen, 1970;Sutphen, 1973, Johnson andAli, 2000;Bernard and Busse, 2000). Other studies have examined miscellaneous aspects of the Olympics, including the hypothesis that differences in Olympic success are partially influenced by national orientation (Luschen, 1972;Gillis, 1980;Sappanen, 1981), satisfaction among Olympic medallists (Medvec et al , 1995), the performance of Soviet Bloc athletes (Shughart and Tomlinson, 1993), the notion of outcome uncertainty (Baimbridge, 1998), and the notions of effectiveness and efficiency (Gratton, 1988). The following is a brief outline of some of the more recent studies.…”

Section: I a N E X A M I Nat I O N O F T H E L I T E R At U R Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Development Indicators as Determinants of Medal Winning at the Sydney Olympics: An Extreme Bounds Analysis

Moosa

Smith

2004

Australian Economic Papers

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This paper examines the variables that determine the performance of countries at the Olympic Games as measured by a weighted sum of the medals won at the Sydney 2000 Games. While previous studies have identified the importance of a country's economic size and the resources available to sport, this paper examines nine more variables including the number of athletes representing each nation and some development indicators. Based on 2310 regressions, both traditional and restricted extreme bounds analysis show that only two variables are robust: the number of athletes and national expenditure on health. Thus, the final model recognises four explanatory variables that include these two as well as GDP and population. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd/University of Adelaide and Flinders University of South Australia 2004.

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Outcome uncertainty in sporting competition: the Olympic Games 1896–1996

Cited by 37 publications

References 14 publications

Reconsidering Performance at the Summer Olympics and Revealed Comparative Advantage

Reconsidering Performance at the Summer Olympics and Revealed Comparative Advantage

An economic analysis of sports performance in Africa

Economic Development Indicators as Determinants of Medal Winning at the Sydney Olympics: An Extreme Bounds Analysis

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