The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic prompts evaluation of recombination in human coronavirus (hCoV) evolution. We undertook recombination analyses of 158,118 public seasonal hCoV, SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV genome sequences using the RDP4 software. We found moderate evidence for 8 SARS-CoV-2 recombination events, two of which involved the spike gene, and low evidence for one SARS-CoV-1 recombination event. Within MERS-CoV, 229E, OC43, NL63 and HKU1 datasets, we noted 7, 1, 9, 14, and 1 high-confidence recombination events, respectively. There was propensity for recombination breakpoints in the non-ORF1 region of the genome containing structural genes, and recombination severely skewed the temporal structure of these data, especially for NL63 and OC43. Bayesian time-scaled analyses on recombinant-free data indicated the sampled diversity of seasonal CoVs emerged in the last 70 years, with 229E displaying continuous lineage replacements. These findings emphasize the importance of genomic based surveillance to detect recombination in SARS-CoV-2, particularly if recombination may lead to immune evasion.

Arboviruses continue to be a significant global health concern. The unbiased metagenomic analyses of mosquito-borne and mosquito-specific viruses are useful to understand viral diversity and for the surveillance of pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Metagenomic analysis was conducted on 6368 mosquitoes (736 pools), covering 16 species from 18 locations throughout the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 2016. In this report, we describe three viruses detected in a single pool of Aedes vexans nipponii collected at Yongsan U.S. Army Garrison, located in a densely populated district of Seoul, the ROK. The three novel viruses, designated as Yongsan bunyavirus 1 (YBV1), Yongsan picorna-like virus 3 (YPLV3) and Yongsan sobemo-like virus 1 (YSLV1), share sequence and structural characteristics with members belonging to the family Bunyaviridae, order Picornavirales, and family Solemoviridae, with shared RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) amino acid identities of 40%, 42% and 86%, respectively. The real-time reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of 3493 Aedes vexans nipponii (257 pools) showed a high prevalence of YBV1 and YSLV1 viruses, which were present in 65% and 62% of tested pools, respectively. This study highlighted the utility of a metagenomic sequencing approach for arbovirus discovery and for a better understanding of the virome of potential medically relevant vectors.

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There has been a dramatic increase in emerging and re-emerging viruses of public health significance, with an estimated 60%-75% occurring from zoonotic origin, and up to one third of those being vector-borne (Jones et al., 2008;Wilson et al., 2020). Arboviruses, mosquitos in particular, represent a substantial and mostly unexplored virus reservoir of health and ecological relevance. In addition to vectoring human pathogens such as dengue, Zika, West Nile, chikungunya, and Japanese encephalitis (JEV) viruses (Gould et al., 2017), mosquitoes vector plant viruses and are host to insectspecific viruses at extremely high rates (Sanborn et al., 2019). The highly pervasive and diverse nature of mosquito viromes makes them hotbeds of virus genetic exchange and evolution and offers observable ecological correlates. Combining routine surveillance with unbiased next-generation sequencing (NGS) of mosquitoes is a

A cute respiratory diseases (ARD) are caused by numerous viral pathogens, including several human adenovirus (HAdV) types. Respiratory HAdV infections range from mild to severe and are fatal in some cases. HAdV-associated respiratory disease has threatened military readiness, and an increasing number of outbreaks and isolated cases documented in civilian communities in the United States and other countries (1-4) indicate that it is an emerging threat to public health. The live oral HAdV type 4 and type 7 vaccines are highly effective against the 2 dominant