Metagenomic analysis reveals <i>Culex</i> mosquito virome diversity and Japanese encephalitis genotype V in the Republic of Korea

Sanborn, Mark A; Wuertz, Kathryn McGuckin; Kim, Sang Hyun; Yang, Yu; Li, Tao; Pollett, Simon; Jarman, Richard G.; Berry, Irina Maljkovic; Klein, Terry A.; Hang, Jun

doi:10.1111/mec.16133

Cited by 25 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…JEV genotype shift may be occurring in the ROK. Initially, the prevalent JEV genotype was identified as Genotype III until approximately 1990s when it shifted to Genotype I, and it may be shifting once again to Genotype V, which was first identified in 2010 (Sanborn et al, 2021).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cross protective capacity against other genotypes has been studied for the current Japanese encephalitis vaccine, a vaccine based on genotype III which may prevent infection for other genotypes I – IV (Elina et al, 2013). Sequence comparisons of antigenic regions of genotypes I-V indicate nucleotide (nt) similarities of less than 90% for JEV genotype I and less than 80% for JEV genotype V as compared to JEV genotype III (Sanborn et al, 2021). Serum studies have shown, JEV genotype III inactivated vaccines neutralize JEV genotype I viruses, but with reduced efficiency (Mulvey et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Method Comparison for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Detection in Samples Collected from the Indo-Pacific Region

Crispell¹,

Williams²,

Zielinski³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Introduction: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen, which is becoming a growing public health concern throughout the Indo-Pacific. Five genotypes of JEV have been identified. Current vaccines are based on genotype III and provide a high degree of protection for 4 of the 5 known genotypes. Methods: RT-PCR, Magpix, Twist Biosciences Comprehensive Viral Research Panel (CVRP), and SISPA methods were used to detect JEV from mosquito samples collected in South Korea during 2021. These methods were compared to determine which method would be most effective for biosurveillance in the Indo-Pacific region. Results: Our data showed that RT-PCR, Twist CVRP, and SISPA methods were all able to detect JEV genotype I, however, the proprietary Magpix panel was only able to detect JEV genotype III. Use of minION sequencing for pathogen detection in arthropod samples will require further method development. Conclusion: Biosurveillance of vectorborne pathogens remains an area of concern throughout the Indo-Pacific. RT-PCR was the most cost effective method used in the study, but TWIST CVRP allows for the identification of over 3,100 viral genomes. Further research and comparisons will be conducted to ensure optimal methods are used for large scale biosurveillance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method Comparison for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Detection in Samples Collected from the Indo-Pacific Region

Crispell¹,

Williams²,

Zielinski³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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show abstract

“…G5 JEV sequences were identified in mosquito surveillance during 2012 to 2018. Next-generation sequencing in mosquitoes indicated that G5 JEV is circulating in Pyeongtaek and Seoul and may become the dominant JEV genotype in Korea [32,33]. The third G5 JEV strain (K15P38) was isolated from the convalescent cerebrospinal fluid of a 27-year-old woman who had been vaccinated against JE in Korea in 2015 [34].…”

Section: G5 Jevmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype 5 Japanese Encephalitis Virus—Old Genotype, New Threat

Zhang

Nie

et al. 2022

Zoonoses

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Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an important viral encephalitis with epidemic status in Asia, which is caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a member of the genus Flavivirus. JEV is divided into five genotypes. Genotype 5 (G5) is relatively neglected because of the limited number of cases and strains isolated. The first strain of G5 JEV (Muar strain) was isolated in Singapore in 1952 in a patient from Muar, Malaysia. The second strain (XZ0934) was isolated 57 years later in China, thus indicating the re-emergence of G5 JEV. A female patient who had been vaccinated against JE was infected with G5 JEV in Korea in 2015. JE is a vaccine-preventable disease, and its incidence has decreased with vaccination in many Asian countries. G3 JEV is the main candidate for current JE vaccines, which include attenuated, inactivated and chimeric type vaccines. However, the available vaccines do not provide adequate protection against the older G5 JEV lineage. Therefore, more research on this genotype is crucial for developing better detection methods, expanding surveillance to determine the possible chains of viral transmission for this new threat and developing a polyvalent JEV vaccine.

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“…2021; Sanborn et al . 2021). Although the transmission rate of diseases spread by these vectors is largely dependent on vector competence (Fall et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most individuals of the Culex pipiens complex in the ROK have been reported as the Culex pipiens complex or recognized as Cx. p. pallens without identifying the subspecies (Chatterjee et al 2021;Jung et al 2021;Lim et al 2021;Sanborn et al 2021). Although the transmission rate of diseases spread by these vectors is largely dependent on vector competence (Fall et al 2014), it has not yet been properly evaluated, as it is difficult to distinguish their morphologies (Mohammed et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species diversity of the Culex pipiens complex in the Republic of Korea

Ryu

Choi

2022

Entomological Research

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The Culex pipiens complex, a common species in urban areas, has not yet caused a disease in the Republic of Korea, although it is abundant across residential areas. This complex is a major vector of West Nile virus in the United States. Additionally, Culex pipiens molestus and Culex pipiens pallens in the Republic of Korea are known to have vector competence. However, it is difficult to morphologically distinguish Culex pipiens complex species in the Republic of Korea. In this study, samples were collected from 48 sites near residential areas in the Republic of Korea, and the distribution of Culex pipiens complex species was firstly analyzed using species-specific primers. Culex p. molestus and Cx. p. pallens were collected in large numbers in all the study regions except Ulleungdo, where the number of samples collected was five. Of the total 1063 samples, 70.1% were Cx. p. molestus and 29.9% were Cx. p. pallens. As there has been no research on the diversity of these species in the Republic of Korea, the results of this study would provide important baseline data for further studies on the Culex pipiens complex.

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Metagenomic analysis reveals Culex mosquito virome diversity and Japanese encephalitis genotype V in the Republic of Korea

Cited by 25 publications

References 60 publications

Method Comparison for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Detection in Samples Collected from the Indo-Pacific Region

Method Comparison for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Detection in Samples Collected from the Indo-Pacific Region

Genotype 5 Japanese Encephalitis Virus—Old Genotype, New Threat

Species diversity of the Culex pipiens complex in the Republic of Korea

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