The phytochemical investigation of Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F. Macbr. (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae), commonly known as "pau jacaré" (alligator stick), afforded sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, the N-benzoylphenylalanine-2-benzoylamide-3-phenylpropyl ester, known as asperphenamate, sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, besides three flavonoids, apigenin, 5-O-methylapigenin and 7,4'-dihydroxy-3',5-dimethoxyflavone from its branches. From its leaves, the methyl gallate and two flavonoids, vitexin and isovitexin, were isolated. From its bark, a mixture of sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol, besides a mixture of cycloartenone, cycloartan-25-en-3-one, and 24-methylene-cycloartenone, and the pure triterpenes 24-methylenecycloartanol, friedelin, lupeol and lupenone, were isolated. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral analysis, comparison with literature data and GC-MS analysis of the mixtures. The ester, flavonoids and the cycloartanes are been identified for first time in the genus Piptadenia.
Abstract:The search of alternative compounds to control tropical diseases such as schistosomiasis has pointed to secondary metabolites derived from natural sources. Piper species are candidates in strategies to control the transmission of schistosomiasis due to their production of molluscicidal compounds. A new benzoic acid derivative and three flavokawains from Piper diospyrifolium, P. cumanense and P. gaudichaudianum displayed significant activities against Biomphalaria glabrata snails. Additionally, "in silico" studies OPEN ACCESSMolecules 2014, 19 5206 were performed using docking assays and Molecular Interaction Fields to evaluate the physical-chemical differences among the compounds in order to characterize the observed activities of the test compounds against Biomphalaria glabrata snails.
Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia, Myrtaceae) has the highest reported vitamin C concentrations of any native Amazonian fruit tree species, with increasing demand in domestic and international markets. With the goal of aiding management and conservation programs, we studied the diversity of camu-camu in cultivated and uncultivated areas, based on physicochemical characterization of the fruits. We evaluated 2,250 fruits from 87 plants from six localities of the Tarapacá district (Amazonas, Colombia) and from the Amazonian fruit germplasm bank of Agrosavia (Meta, Colombia). We found high physicochemical variability within and among localities, and superior fruits in the localities where non-cultivated plants were sampled, especially Pechiboy. Using correlations and principal component analyses, we identified the variables Brix value, ascorbic acid content, fruit weight and pulp yield as the most useful for intraspecific selection of plants. The most promising plants presented Brix values of 8.2 ± 0.88 (maximum 10.9), fruit mass of 14.4 ± 1.2 g (max. 18.4 g) and pulp yields of 0.82 ± 0.02 (max. 0.87). These plants can be considered as possible sources for future breeding work. We conclude that there are plants in Tarapacá with relevant characteristics for commercialization and improvement of the species.
Propolis is a hive product made by bees from vegetable exudates that are mixed with their secretions. The value of this material is established in terms of the content of biologically active molecules, that analytically is represented by parameters such as ethanol-soluble compounds (resins), oxidation index, phenolic compounds and total content of flavonoids. On the contrary, if propolis has a high percentage of waxes, mechanic impurities or heavy metals, it is classified as a sub-standard beekeeping product. On this basis, this research work illustrates the use of quality control as a strategy to identify the possible application of two samples of Colombian propolis for developing innovative pharmaceutic and cosmetic formulations. The results evidence that the investigated samples are low-quality propolis because of their high waxes content. However, far from being a disadvantage, these waxes could generate added value when they are incorporated, for example, in products requiring lipid components as nano and microparticulate systems or nanofibrous composite scaffolds and films.
<strong><strong>Título en ingles: Identification, <em>in vitro</em> establishment and preliminary phytochemical analysis of wild yam (<em>Dioscorea spp</em>.) used for medicinal purposes</strong></strong><p><strong><strong><strong>Título corto: Identificación, establecimiento <em>in vitro </em>y análisis fitoquímico preliminar de especies silvestres de ñame</strong></strong></strong></p><p><strong>Resumen: </strong>Tubérculos del género<em> Dioscorea </em>comercializados con fines medicinales, fueron recolectados con el propósito de lograr su establecimiento a condiciones <em>in vitro. </em>Previamente se lograron identificar taxonómicamente las especies y por medio de análisis fitoquímicos demostrar su potencial farmacéutico. El material recolectado fue identificado como <em>Dioscorea coriacea, D. lehmannii, D. meridensis, D. polygonoides </em>y una especie comestible<em> D. trifida</em>. Tubérculos recolectados de centros de acopio y traídos de campo fueron lavados, desinfectados, asperjados con Ácido Giberélico (AG<sub>3</sub>) y sembrados en sustrato BM-2®, en invernadero a 18°C día y 10°C noche. Los tubérculos completos o por secciones fueron almacenados en bolsas herméticas a temperatura ambiente. Posteriormente se desinfectó material vegetal de las especies <em>D. coriacea, D. lehmannii, D. meridensis y D polygonoides, </em>seleccionando explantes de brotes sanos (<em>D. coriacea / </em>laboratorio) para su establecimiento. Se evaluaron tres medios de cultivo para establecimiento, el que presentó los mejores resultados fue Medio Murashige & Skoog (1962) suplementado con BAP 1 mL/L, AG<sub>3</sub> 1 mL/L y Putrescina 2 mL/L. Para la extracción y análisis de metabolitos secundarios se utilizaron tubérculos de <em>D. coriacea, D. lehmannii</em> y <em>D. polygonoides</em>, empleando como solvente de extracción metanol. Se encontró mayor concentración de extracto vegetal en <em>D. coriacea </em>(54%), y mediante cromatografía en capa delgada (CCD), se confirmó la presencia de saponinas, que resultó mayor en comparación con <em>D. polygonoides</em> especie reconocida por su alto contenido de saponinas. Estos resultados permitirán realizar análisis más avanzados de los compuestos presentes y plantear su propagación masiva en condiciones <em>in vitro</em>. </p><p><strong>Palabras clave:</strong> diosgenina, micropropagación, ñame silvestre, cultivo de tejidos vegetales, saponinas, fitoquímica.</p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Wild tubers of the genus<em> Dioscorea</em> sold for medicinal use were collected for the purpose of achieving its establishment under <em>in vitro</em> conditions. First we taxonomically identified the species and through phytochemical analysis demonstrated pharmaceutical potential. The material collected was identified as <em>Dioscorea coriacea</em>, <em>D. lehmannii</em>, <em>D. meridensis</em>, <em>D. polygonoides</em> and the edible species <em>D. trifida</em>. Tubers collected from wholesale distributors and from the field were washed, disinfected, sprayed with Gibberellic Acid (GA<sub>3</sub>) and planted in substrate BM-2®, in a greenhouse at 18 ° C during the day and 10 ° C overnight. Whole tubers or sections thereof were stored in sealed bags at room temperature. Subsequently plant material of the species <em>D. coriacea, D. lehmannii, D. </em>meridensis<em> </em>and<em> D. polygonoides</em> was disinfected and healthy buds (<em>D. coriacea</em> / laboratory) were selected for <em>in vitro</em> establishment. Three different culture media were evaluated for establishment; that which presented the best results was the Murashige & Skoog (1962) medium, supplemented with BAP 1 mL / L, GA<sub>3</sub> 1 mL / L and Putrescin 2 mL / L. For the collection and analysis of secondary metabolites, tubers of <em>D. coriacea</em>, <em>D. lehmannii</em> and <em>D. polygonoides</em> were used, using methanol as the extraction solvent. The highest concentration of plant extract, 54%, was found in<em> D. coriacea</em>, a higher value than that of <em>D. polygonoides, </em>which had been reported previously; the presence of saponins was confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). These results will enable more advanced analysis of the present compounds and enhance their mass propagation under <em>in vitro</em> conditions.</p><p><strong>Key words:</strong> diosgenin, micropropagation, wild yam, tissue culture, saponins, phitochemistry.</p><p><strong>Recibido: </strong>agosto 20 de 2014<strong> Aprobado: </strong>abril 20 de 2015</p>
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