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RESUMOO objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes fontes comerciais de fosfito e acibenzolar-S-metílico (ASM) seguidos de uma aplicação de fungicida no controle do míldio, do oídio e da ferrugem asiática, para reduzir o número de aplicações de fungicidas e aumentar o espectro de controle das doenças da soja. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos na região de Ponta Grossa, PR, nas safras 2006/07 e 2007/08. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram cinco fontes comerciais de fosfitos de potássio e uma de manganês (450 g P 2 O 5 ha -1 ) e ASM (12,5 g i.a. ha -1 ), aplicados nos estádios V7 e R2. Os tratamentos com fosfito e ASM receberam uma aplicação do fungicida piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole (66,5 + 25 g i.a. ha -1 ) no estádio R3 e foram comparados com uma em R2 e duas aplicações do mesmo fungicida, aplicados em R2 e R5.1, e a testemunha. O uso de fosfito e ASM reduziram significativamente a área abaixo da curva de progresso do míldio e não tiveram efeito sobre o oídio e a ferrugem asiática. O maior número de aplicações do fungicida aumentou o controle dos patógenos biotróficos sob maior pressão das doenças. Palavras-chave: Peronospora manshurica, Phakopsora parchyrhizi, oídio. ABSTRACT Phosphite sources and acibenzolar-S-methyl associated to fungicides on the control of foliar diseases in soybeanThe goal of this study was to evaluate commercial sources of phosphite and acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) followed by one fungicide application on the control of downy mildew, powdery mildew and asian soybean rust, reducing the number of fungicide applications and increasing the control spectrum of these soybean diseases. Two field experiments were carried out in Ponta Grossa, Paraná state, Brazil, during the 2006/07 and 2007/08 growing seasons. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with four replications. Treatments consisted on five sources of potassium phosphite and one of manganese (450 g P 2 O 5 ha -1 ) and ASM (12.5 g a.i. ha -1 ) sprayed at the V7 and R2 stages. Phosphite-and ASM-treated plants received one application of the fungicide piraclostrobine + epoxiconazol (66.5 + 25 g i.a. ha -1 ) at the R3 stage and were compared to plants which received two fungicide applications at the R2 and R5.1 stages, as well as to untreated plants. The use of phosphite and ASM significantly reduced the AUDPC for downy mildew. No effects were observed for powdery mildew and Asian rust. The higher number of fungicide application increased the control of biotrophic fungi under higher disease pressure.

Asiatic citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas smithii ssp. citri , formerly X. axonopodis pv. citri , is one of the most serious phytosanitary problems in Brazilian citrus crops. Experiments were conducted under controlled conditions to assess the influence of temperature and leaf wetness duration on infection and subsequent symptom development of citrus canker in sweet orange cvs Hamlin, Natal, Pera and Valencia. The quantified variables were incubation period, disease incidence, disease severity, mean lesion density and mean lesion size at temperatures of 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 42 ° C, and leaf wetness durations of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. Symptoms did not develop at 42 ° C. A generalized beta function showed a good fit to the temperature data, severity being highest in the range 30-35 ° C. The relationship between citrus canker severity and leaf wetness duration was explained by a monomolecular model, with the greatest severity occurring at 24 h of leaf wetness, with 4 h of wetness being the minimum duration sufficient to cause 100% incidence at optimal temperatures of 25-35 ° C. Mean lesion density behaved similarly to disease severity in relation to temperature variation and leaf wetness duration. A combined monomolecular-beta generalized model fitted disease severity, mean lesion density or lesion size as a function of both temperature and duration of leaf wetness. The estimated minimum and maximum temperatures for the occurrence of disease were 12 ° C and 40 ° C, respectively.

The combined effect of temperature (15°C,

ABSTRACT To study the efficiency of Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) control and to test the effects of using alternative products and fungicides, two field experiments were conducted during the harvest seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. Treatments for the experiments were: 1- control (water); 2- acibenzolar-S-methyl; 3- calcium; 4- micronutrients: copper, manganese and zinc; 5- micronutrients: manganese, zinc and molybdenum; 6- NK fertilizer; 7- Ascophyllum nodosum, and 8- azoxystrobin + cyproconazole. The evaluated variables were: Asian soybean rust severity, defoliation, productivity and yield components. Based on severity data, the area under the disease progress curve was calculated. In the two experiments, the alternative products had no effect on Asian soybean rust or defoliation. Only the treatment with fungicide controlled the disease and decreased defoliation. The yield component affected by the treatments was the number of pods per plant, in both harvest seasons. Treatment with the fungicide protected soybean from yield loss in both experiments. Defoliation was strongly correlated with the weight of one thousand seeds and the number of pods per plant, emphasizing the importance of maintaining the leaf area to ensure the maintenance of the yield components in soybean crop.

Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is the main soybean leaf disease in Brazil. Downy mildew (Peronospora manshurica) and powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) are important soybean foliar diseases of occurrence in Paraná state. To reduce severity and yield losses caused by soybean foliar diseases, this work aimed to verify the efficacy of different application doses of the commercial product Dipel® Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which is a biological insect controller, combined with number of Opera® fungicide (pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole) intercalated applications, and to investigate the effect of the Bt Dipel® in the resistance induction of soybean. For this study, different methodologies were used, including in vitro, in vivo and field assays. The results showed that Bt Dipel® can reduce soybean foliar diseases by inducing β-1,3 glucanase enzime and phytoalexin gliceolin. The fungicide application in the experiment condition reduced yield losses.

Effects of plant density and fungicide application on foliar diseases and onion yieldThe effects of plant density and fungicide application on the severity of foliar diseases and onion yield ('Bola Precoce') were studied in 2010 and 2011, in Ponta Grossa, Paraná state, Brazil. The experiments were carried out in the field in randomized block design in a split plot. A fungicide (metiram + pyraclostrobin, 2.5 kg/ha of c.p.) was either applied or not applied to the plotsat 89, 100 and 110 days after seedling transplantation (DAT). No relationships were observed between plant density and fungicide use and the severity and area under the disease progress curve for mildew and purple blotch. In addition, no significant differences among disease severities and plant densities, regardless of fungicide application or the average mass and diameter of the bulbs. In 2011, a linear increase in Class 1 bulbs with increasing plant density was observed, demonstrating that denser planting leads to smaller bulbs.