Coffee culture, one of the main agricultural activities in Brazil, has undergone recent negative impacts due to unfavorable climate conditions, with a subnormal rainy period and increased temperatures during the second half of 2015. The coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the main insect pests of coffee crops worldwide. The present research aimed to determine the climate zones for coffee berry borer in the state of São Paulo, based on its thermal requirements. The results showed that the mean biological development time of H. hampei was affected by temperature, completing its life cycle more rapidly in increased temperatures until the 30°C threshold temperature, and more slowly above this temperature. Development time (egg-adult) was inversely related to temperature in the range between 18 and 32°C. The temperature threshold (Tt) was 13.9°C and the thermal constant (K) was 299 degree-days. These laboratory estimates of thermal requirements and the Geographic Information System (GIS) were used to generate insect life span distribution maps for São Paulo. In this state, the coffee berry borer can produce 5.09-10.53 generations annually. Higher pest incidences should coincide with both temperature increases and the availability of coffee fruit for infestation. The data obtained can be used to estimate the monthly and yearly number of generations of this pest, for use in integrated pest management programs.

Vector-borne plant pathogenic bacteria can induce changes in infected plants favoring the insect vector behavior and biology. The study aimed to determine the effect of maize bushy stunt phytoplasma (MBSP) postinoculation period on the host plant preference and transmission efficiency by the corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis DeLong & Wolcott, 1923 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). In a series of choice tests, D. maidis preference was measured as settling and oviposition on healthy maize plants versus infected maize plants showing early disease symptoms, advanced symptoms, or no symptoms. Finally, transmission efficiency of D. maidis was measured when the vector previously acquired the phytoplasma from asymptomatic source plants at different postinoculation periods. D. maidis adults preferred to settle and to oviposit on healthy than on symptomatic infected plants with advanced disease symptoms, and preferred asymptomatic plants over symptomatic ones. MBSP transmission by D. maidis was positively correlated with the postinoculation period of the source plant. Results suggest an MBSP modulation for D. maidis preference on asymptomatic infected maize plants in the early stages of the crop, allowing the pathogen an undetected transmission.

AGRADECIMENTOSAo professor JOSÉ ROBERTO POSTALI PARRA, pela orientação, ensinamentos e paciência, um grande ser humano, obrigada. À Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), da Universidade de São Paulo pela oportunidade no curso e excelente infraestrutura.Ao programa PEC-PG da CAPES, pela concessão da bolsa de estudos.À NEIDE ZÉRIO, pela ajuda na elaboração da dieta de broca-do-café e por ser minha amiga nestes anos.Aos que foram estagiários das pesquisas que muito me ajudaram: ANGIE GAMEZ (UNAL-Bogotá) e BRUNO CARVALHAIS (Graduando em Agronomia).A meus companheiros de CENICAFE-Colômbia, em especial a Dra. ESTHER CECILIA MONTOYA RESTREPO, pela ajuda nas análises estatísticas, a Dr. PABLO BENAVIDES MACHADO, Dr. JUAN CARLOS GARCIA, Dr. ALVARO JARAMILLO ROBLEDO, Dr. ANDRES PEÑA, Disciplina de Agrometeorologia pela ajuda nos diferentes momentos da pesquisa.A Dra. JOHANNA BAJONERO CUERVO, obrigada por tudo.Ao mestre ADRIANO GOMES GARCIA (ESALQ-USP) e biólogo AUDBERTO QUIROGA (CENICAFE) pelo auxilio na confecção dos mapas e ELIANA GARCIA, biblioteca ESALQ, pela ajuda, CARLOS HERNAN BARRERA ROJAS..A meus amigos ALINE ROCHA, LEANDRO GEREMIAS, CAROLINA DIJORGE, CAROLINA REGIADA, GABRIEL RUNGO pela ajuda em todo momento.Aos grandes companheiros do laboratório de Biologia de insetos, com os quais convivi durante esses anos: Cris Jensen, Jaci Vieira, Aline Bertin, Patrícia Milano, Laís, Fernanda, Aloisio, Luan, Cristiane, Lucas, Guilherme. A cafeicultura representa uma das atividades agrícolas de maior importância para o Brasil e para a Colômbia e ultimamente tem sido impactada negativamente, devido às condições climáticas desfavoráveis com desvios da normalidade da precipitação pluviométrica e de altas temperaturas do segundo semestre do 2015 no caso do Brasil e na Colômbia, na safra 2015-2016, foi altamente impactada pelos efeitos do evento climático El Niño que aumentou os níveis de infestação da brocado-café e com a seca prolongada, que tem afetado a qualidade do grão. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer o zoneamento de Hypothenemus hampei e Leucoptera coffeella, pragas no cafeeiro em Brasil e na Colômbia, com base nas suas exigências térmicas. Os resultados obtidos para H. hampei, mostraram que a praga se desenvolve na faixa térmica de 15 a 32°C; a 25°C foram observados os maiores valores de taxa liquida de reprodução (R o ) e da razão finita de aumento (λ); sendo que R o foi maior nesta temperatura, pois, a cada geração a população de H. hampei aumentou 127,8 vezes. O estudo das exigências térmicas de H. hampei indicaram que o limite térmico de desenvolvimento ou temperatura base (Tb) é de 13°C e a constante térmica (K) de 312 GD. Com a determinação das exigências térmicas de H. hampei e mediante a utilização de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica, foi possível obter mapas de distribuição do desenvolvimento deste inseto para o estado de São Paulo no Brasil e para a região produtora de café na Colômbia. Assim, para o estado de São Paulo, podem ocorrer de 4,56 a 9,25 gerações/ano, levando-se...

Phymastichus coffea LaSalle (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae) is an adult endoparasitoid of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae:Scolytinae), which has been introduced in many coffee producing countries as a biological control agent. To determine the effectiveness of P. coffea against H. hampei and environmental safety for release in Hawaii, we investigated the host selection and parasitism response of adult females to 43 different species of Coleoptera, including 23 Scolytinae (six Hypothenemus species and 17 others), and four additional Curculionidae. Non-target testing included Hawaiian endemic, exotic and beneficial coleopteran species. Using a no-choice laboratory bioassay, we demonstrated that P. coffea was only able to parasitize the target host H. hampei and four other adventive species of Hypothenemus: H. obscurus, H. seriatus, H. birmanus and H. crudiae. Hypothenemus hampei had the highest parasitism rate and shortest parasitoid development time of the five parasitized Hypothenemus spp. Parasitism and parasitoid emergence decreased with decreasing phylogenetic relatedness of the Hypothenemus spp. to H. hampei, and the most distantly related species, H. eruditus, was not parasitized. These results suggest that the risk of harmful non-target impacts is low because there are no native species of Hypothenemus in Hawaii, and P. coffea could be safely introduced for classical biological control of H. hampei in Hawaii.

A modified artificial diet based on the "Cenibroca diet" used in Colombia for mass rearing of Hypothenemus hampei, was compared with the natural diet presently used to rear this insect. The modified diet was cheaper than Portilla's diet and did not affect insect fitness, developmental time, viability or sex ratio.

Coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville, 1842) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) it is a one biggest insect pest of coffee in American continent coffee plantations, due to its generalized occurrence, since all coffee varieties are susceptible to attack, and the economic damage caused, which can involve production losses up to 50%. The present study investigated biological aspects, including the fertility life table and the ideal conditions for reproduction and development of this pest, at 7 constant temperatures (18, 22, 25, 28, 30, 32, 35°C) under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the mean biological development time of L. coffeella was affected by temperature, completing its life cycle more rapidly in increased temperatures until the 32°C, but low survivor of all L. coffeella stages was observed from 30°C. The preoviposition period decreased with increasing temperatures, the total fecundity was significantly affected by the temperature and the longevities of males and females were affected by the temperature. The highest net reproductive rate (22.23), finite rate of increase (0.15) and viability were observed at 28°C, indicating that this temperature was the most suitable for development. The information obtained can be used in integrated pest management programs, to forecast L. coffeella outbreaks and population growth, and to study the behavior of this insect under different climate conditions

Conocer la vulnerabilidad de una zona a la broca de café, teniendo claro que es una condición natural de esta y que, bajo ciertos escenarios climáticos, la plaga puede comportarse de una forma esperada, es una ventaja competitiva clara para los caficultores, pues podrán anticipar muchas decisiones de manejo. En este Avance Técnico consulte la vulnerabilidad de los departamentos de Cesar, La Guajira y Bolívar a la broca del café en diferentes escenarios climáticos, Neutro, La Niña y El Niño.

Conocer la vulnerabilidad de una zona a la broca de café, teniendo claro que es una condición natural de esta y que, bajo ciertos escenarios climáticos, la plaga puede comportarse de una forma esperada, es una ventaja competitiva clara para los caficultores que estén en ese sitio, pues podrán anticipar muchas decisiones de manejo. n este Avance Técnico consulte la vulnerabilidad del departamento de Antioquia a la broca del café en diferentes escenarios climáticos, Neutro, La Niña y El Niño