T h e a u t h o r s g i v e a f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n o f a n e w s p e c i e s a n d g e n u s t o b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e f a m i l y E n t e r o b a c t e r i a c e a e . T h e g e n e r i c n a m e E d w a r d s i e l l a ( E w i n g a n d M c W h o r t e r ) a n d t h e s p e c i e s n a m e E d w a r d s i e l l a t a r d a a r e s u g g e s t e d f o r u s e i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e b a ct e r i a d e s c r i b e d .The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the biochemical reactions given by a group of cultures that have been collected and studied in these laboratories since e a r l y i n 1959, and to r e p o r t the r e s u l t s of p r e l i m i n a r y s e r ological investigations.A s e a r c h of the literature did not reveal a description of a microorganism that closely r esembled m e m b e r s of the new group, which i s r e f e r r e d to simply as "bacterium 1483-59,"The word "new" i s not used without reservation, since it seemed probable that the bacteria have been isolated in the past. F u r t h e r , we a r e informed by D r , R. Sakazaki, of the National Institute of Health, Tokyo, (personal communication, 1964) that he p r esented a paper entitled "The New Group of Enterobacteriaceae, the Asakusa Group" a t the 1962 meeting of the Japan Bacteriological Society and that a s u m m a r y of the presentation (Japanese text) was published (Sakazaki, 1962). Dr.Sakazaki v e r y kindly furnished the authors with a t r a n s lation of the above-mentioned a b s t r a c t . F r o m this it appeared that the majority of the cultures w e r e isolated f r o m snakes and that the s t r a i n s described were s i m i l a r to those reported herein, although t h e r e were a few differences in the biochemical reactions obtained (v. id.). Also King and Adler (1964)described the isolation of a culture of bacterium 1483-59, which they labe led the "Bartho Lomew group." Their

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An in-use study was done to determine the effect of transportation delay on the microflora of clinical specimens collected for microbiological analysis in a 1,000-bed university hospital. Portions of wound, respiratory, and urine specimens were planted for bacterial isolation on the wards immediately after collection. The remainder of each specimen was kept at room temperature without or without holding medium until it was picked up by messengers and taken to the bacteriology laboratory. The results of immediate planting on the ward were compared with those obtained by planting in the laboratory. Alterations in microflora were observed in all three types of specimens after averages of 2 to 4 hours of delay in planting.

More than 3.6 million baits containing a recombinant vaccinia virus-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) oral rabies vaccine were aerially or hand-distributed during 1999-2006 in an approximate 4,000-9,000 km(2) area of eastern Ontario, Canada, as part of a multitactic approach to control the raccoon variant of rabies. The efficacy of the program was assessed through the collection and testing of > 6,900 animals for bait acceptance and rabies virus-specific antibodies. Raccoon acceptance of rabies vaccine baits was significantly greater (71-83% ) in areas baited at a density of 150 baits/km(2) compared to areas baited at 75 baits/km(2) (26-58% ), and more raccoons consumed vaccine baits in areas baited with a flight line spacing of 0.75 km (45.3% [321/708]) than with a spacing of 1.5 km (33.8% [108/320]). In addition, greater numbers of raccoons consumed vaccine baits during a drop in September (52.7% [213/404]) as opposed to a June bait drop (34.6% [216/624]). Seropositivity rates for raccoons ranged between 7% and 28% in areas baited at 75/km(2) and 10% to 27% in areas baited at 150/km(2) with statistical differences varying among years and treatments. The last case of raccoon-variant rabies reported in Ontario was in September 2005. The control of raccoon rabies in Ontario has resulted in an estimated $6M to $10 M Cdn annual savings in rabies-associated costs.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. American Geographical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Geographical Review. THE current rural settlement in the highlands of Peru and Boliva reflects an administrative fiat imposed on the Andean landscape by an alien culture four centuries ago. The dwellings of the indigenes were dispersed, but between 1570 and 1575 the Spanish viceroy, Francisco de Toledo, ordered their concentration in more than a thousand compact villages known as reducciones.1 A million or more Indians were torn from their homes and resettled in tight clusters so that it would be easier for the Spanish authorities to control and acculturate them.2 Subsequent rural settlements in the central Andes developed mainly as offshoots of the original reducciones; most post-Toledan villages resembled the ones built in the early 1570s.The reduccion system is one example of landscape design imposed by bureaucratic decree. Three prime geographical components can be identified in this type of landscape design: the characteristics of the physical environment, the cultural configuration of the habitants, and the goals of the imposing authority or group. The native peoples of the Andes had adapted to the mountainous terrain, the highly compressed climatic zones, and the availability of local resources. That finely tuned man-land adjustment culminated in the Incan empire which ended when the Spaniards conquered Peru between 1532 and 1533. The Spaniards were self-consciously the bearers of the Mediterranean variety of Western civilization. One aspect of Andean society and culture that they altered was the settlement system.Mindful of the role of the past in molding the present, we examine the results of the implementation of that Spanish edict on a portion of the high Andes. To examine the fate of the European-imposed nuclei, we focus on the southwestern portion of the department of Cuzco. This rugged, remote zone of the southern Peruvian highlands encompasses nearly 14,000 square kilometers. A plateau between 3,500 and 4,200 meters above sea level dominates the area; in some places mountains rise as high as 5,271 meters (Fig. 1). The

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Anecdotal reports have suggested that painful gingivitis may be associated with infection due to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Twenty patients who presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of gum pain were evaluated for HIV infection, CD4/CD8 T lymphocyte profiles, complete blood cell counts and differentials, and lymphocyte function (response to mitogenic stimulation). Seven of the 20 patients (35%) were seropositive for HIV. Three of the seven HIV-seropositive patients were unaware of their HIV infection until tested in this study (with use of an ELISA and western blotting). The HIV-seropositive patients were significantly older than the HIV-seronegative patients (31.4 +/- 3 years and 24 +/- 1 year, respectively). Two of the seven HIV-seropositive patients presented with severe CD4 lymphocyte depletion. The other five HIV-seropositive patients presented with CD4 lymphocyte counts of 473 +/- 155 (mean +/- SE). Regardless of HIV serological status, all patients demonstrated a severely depressed mitogenic response when compared with control subjects. There were no remarkable differences in complete blood cell counts and differentials within each serological group. Significant differences, however, were noted when CD4/CD8 lymphocyte counts and ratios were measured. Identification of clinical presentations, such as painful gingivitis, that reflect an early stage of HIV infection could aid in the timing of therapy and prevention of the spread of HIV infection.

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