While absorption and penetration of linezolid to tissues are not significantly changed in critically ill patients, protein binding of linezolid is decreased, volume of distribution increased, and metabolism may be inhibited leading to non-linear kinetics of elimination; these changes are responsible for high inter-individual variability of linezolid plasma concentrations, which requires therapeutic plasma monitoring and choice of continuous venous infusion as the administration method. Acute renal or liver failure decrease clearance of linezolid, but renal replacement therapy is capable of restoring clearance back to normal, obviating the need for dosage adjustment. More population pharmacokinetic studies are necessary which will identify and quantify the influence of various factors on clearance and plasma concentrations of linezolid in critically ill patients.
Background: The chemistry of organoselenium reagents provides an asset for organic synthesis. The versatility of these reagents as electrophiles and nucleophiles makes them one of the key components of organic synthesis. Various synthetic transformations such as oxyselenenylations, selenocyclization and selenoxide elimination have been successfully achieved using organoselenium reagents under mild reaction conditions. The presence of selenocysteine in a few mammalian enzymes was the key information for selenium chemists to explore the biochemistry of selenium compounds. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a mammalian selenoenzyme, is well known for maintaining redox equilibrium by detoxifying reactive oxygen species. Objective: The aim is to critically analyze the recent development and prospects of synthesis and antioxidant properties of organoselenium compounds Method: In this review, we summarised research and review papers from the PubMed and Scopus databases. The primary themes were linked to the synthesis of organoselenium compounds and their capacity to maintain cellular redox equilibrium when exposed to oxidative stress. Result: The study reveals that diselenide compounds synthesised by various methods showed a better antioxidant activity profile compared to selenides. In a few cases, the activity was found better than the standard compound ebselen. Moreover, the synthesis and antioxidant activity of Selenium-based nanoparticles have been also included. Conclusion: In the past two decades, various biological properties of organoselenium compounds have been extensively studied including the antioxidant properties. This review article would give insight into the synthesis of different types of recently synthesised organoselenium compounds. The review would be helpful to the researchers working in the field of medicinal chemistry in directing the synthesis of new organoselenium compounds as antioxidants.
Due to differences in molecular mechanism of action, angiotensin receptor blocker losartan does and ACE inhibitors captopril and enalapril do not inhibit spontaneous contractions of isolated human ureter.
Calcium channel blockers, a group of drugs widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular patients, although effective, often cause gingival enlargement, a side effect that is rarely recognized in clinical practice and is not given sufficient importance. Gingival enlargement caused by calcium channel blockers can be localized or generalized, mild or severe. It can negatively affect patients’ appearance, mastication, and speech, thus considerably reducing the quality of life of patients. Risk factors and pathogenesis of this side effect have been the subject of many studies but are still unknown, making this condition a major therapeutic challenge, especially if the cessation of the offending drug is not possible. This study aimed to review the etiology, potential risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, and therapy possibilities for gingival enlargement caused by calcium channel blockers.
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