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Probiotics have emerged as a promising intervention for the prevention of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in children. Assess the effect of probiotics on prevention of RTIs in children and adolescents. MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, SCIELO, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. Key words: "respiratory tract infections" AND probiotics. Randomized controlled trials RCT assessing the effect of probiotics on RTIs in children and adolescents were included. Two reviewers, working independently, to identify studies that met the eligibility criteria. Main and secondary outcomes were RTIs and adverse effects, respectively. Twenty-one trials with 6.603 participants were included. Pairwise meta-analysis suggested that Lactobacillus casei rhamnosus (LCA) was the only effective probiotic to the rate of RTIs compared to placebo (RR0.38; Crl 0.19-0.45). Network analysis showed that the LCA exhibited 54.7% probability of being classified in first, while the probability of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 (LFC) being last in the ranking was 15.3%. LCA showed no better effect compared to other probiotic strains by indirect analysis. This systematic review found a lack of evidence to support the effect of probiotic on the incidence rate of respiratory infections in children and adolescents. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:833-843. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Background: The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the effect of diet on telomere length. Methods: We searched the following databases: MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, CINAHL, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus, as well as the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the National Institutes of Health, from inception to December 2016. Articles that assessed effects of diet on telomere length were included. Results: A total of 2,128 studies were identified, 30 were read in full, and 7 were systematically reviewed. Five RCTs were included in the meta-analysis, covering 9 diets; a total of 533 participants were included. Study heterogeneity (I²) was 89%, and differences were not identified regarding average telomere lengths (mean difference 1.06; 95% CI –1.53 to 3.65). Conclusion: The available evidence suggests that there is no effect of diet on telomere length, but the strong heterogeneity in the type and duration of dietary interventions does not allow any final statement on the absence of an effect of diet on telomere length.

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Purpose Recent studies suggest that body mass index is not a reliable enough measurement for body composition in individuals, particularly in older and younger people. However, most research on body image has used the body mass index (BMI) as a physiological predictor of body satisfaction, particularly in children. The aim of this study was to investigate whether body composition is a better predictor of body size dissatisfaction in children than BMI. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Healthy children and adolescents aged 5-19 years, sex male and female, were recruited using a convenience sample in Brazil. BMI was measured according to the international standardization method and body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with a portable device model (BIA InBodyS10 multi-frequency, USA). Body size dissatisfaction was assessed using the Kakeshita's Figure Rating Scale for Brazilian Children. Data were analyzed with logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 547 participants were evaluated, including 54% females and 67% Caucasian, with a mean age of 11.4 ± 3.8 years. The mean BMI was 20.5 ± 4.6 kg/m 2 , and the mean percentages of fat and lean mass were 23.01 ± 10.59% and 72.84 ± 10.03%, respectively. In the multivariable model, only body composition was significantly associated with body size dissatisfaction (odds ratio: 1.849 (1.085-3.149, p = 0.024) and 1.828 (1.043-3.202, p = 0.035), respectively). Conclusions Body composition measures can better predict body size dissatisfaction in children and adolescents than BMI. This result may be relevant for the design of future studies on physiological indicators and body satisfaction. Level of evidence Level V, cross-sectional study

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Objective To evaluate the association between children and adolescents’ body composition with family income. Methods Cross-sectional study, participants between 5 and 19 years were included. A standardized questionnaire assessed socioeconomic variables. The outcome variables were z-score of Body Mass Index and bioimpedance parameters (skeletal muscle mass, fat-free mass, and fat percentage) and predictor variables (age, sex, race, place of residence, father’s education, birth weight and breastfeeding) were analyzed using the quantile regression model and data from the 50th percentile are presented. The tests were bidirectional and the differences were considered significant with p<0.05. Results Among the 529 participants included, 284 (53.6%) were female and the mean age was 11.41±3.9 years. The Body Mass Index z-score was the only outcome that did not show differences between sexes (p=0.158). In the crude model, lower family income was associated with lower skeletal muscle mass (Difference=-7.70; 95% CI -9.32 to -5.89), p<0.001), lower fat-free mass (Difference= -13.40; 95% CI -16.40 to -10.39, p<0.001) and the lowest percentage of fat was associated with lower family income (Difference= -5.01, 95% CI -9.91 to -0.11, p=0.027). The z-score of BMI was not associated with family income. Conclusion Family income is directly associated with lower fat-free mass, fat percentage, and skeletal muscle mass in children and adolescents.

Este artigo deriva de um conjunto de ideias experimentadas por discentes do Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), em uma disciplina que procurou conhecer melhor o docente típico e suas atipias. O texto pretende auxiliar no entendimento de quem é o professor na área da saúde. Discute o sujeito e sua obra, para além do já conhecido modelo centrado na profissão da saúde que exerce e que procura ensinar. Antes de docente, o professor é uma pessoa. Como pessoa, precisa sentir-se estimada e estimar ao outro (aluno). Ao prosperar em seu trabalho, o docente tem compromissos para com o desenvolvimento intelectual e moral de seus alunos e o planejamento de ações para que exerça a percepção crítica da realidade. A relação ensino-aprendizagem com o educando deve favorecer a análise de valores necessários ao convívio social. Na área da saúde, é requisitado ao aluno aprender a fazer, sendo pouca importância referida ao aprender a conhecer, ao aprender a ser ou a viver em comunhão com os pares. É essencial ter a percepção de que o professor necessita, inicialmente, acolher a si próprio: entender quem é ele, como é e porque chegou ali. A construção da identidade profissional docente é um processo contínuo estabelecido pelo domínio de sua área de ensino, pelos conhecimentos pedagógicos voltados à aprendizagem dos alunos e experiência docente, além das relações sociais do cotidiano.