Prevalence of postural deviations and associated factors in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study [I] Prevalência de variações posturais e fatores associados em crianças e adolescentes: um estudo transversal [A] Mariana Vieira Batistão, Roberta de Fátima Carreira Moreira, Helenice Jane Cote Gil Coury, Luis Ernesto Bueno Salasar, Tatiana de Oliveira Sato * Universidade Federal de São Carlos, (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil [R] Abstract Introduction: Postural deviations are frequent in childhood and may cause pain and functional impairment. Previously, only a few studies have examined the association between body posture and intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Objective: To assess the prevalence of postural changes in school children, and to determine, using multiple logistic regression analysis, whether factors such as age, gender, BMI, handedness and physical activity might explain these deviations. Methods: The posture of 288 students was assessed by observation. Subjects were aged between 6 and 15 years, 59.4% (n = 171) of which were female. The mean age was 10.6 (± 2.4) years. Mean body weight was 38.6 (± 12.7) kg and mean height was 1.5 (± 0.1) m. A digital scale, a tapeline, a plumb line and standardized forms were used to collect data. The data were analyzed descriptively using the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis (signi icance level of 5%). Results: We found the following deviations to be prevalent among schoolchildren: forward head posture, 53.5%, shoulder elevation, 74.3%, asymmetry of the iliac crests, 51.7%, valgus knees, 43.1%, thoracic hyperkyphosis, 30.2%, lumbar hyperlordosis, 37.2% and winged shoulder blades, 66.3%. The associated factors were age, gender, BMI and physical activity. Discussion: There was a high prevalence of postural deviations and the intrinsic and extrinsic factors partially explain the postural deviations. Conclusion: These indings contribute to the understanding of how and why these deviations develop, and to the implementation of preventive and rehabilitation programs, given that some of the associated factors are modi iable. 10,6 (2,4) anos, massa corporal de 38,6 (12,7) kg e altura de 1,5 (0,1)

Childhood obesity increases susceptibility to musculoskeletal injuries. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of overweight and obesity and to identify differences in posture and musculoskeletal pain among eutrophic, overweight, and obese students. Participants were 420 students, 252 (60%) were females and 168 males (40%), with a mean age of 11.1 (±2.3) years. The posture of all participants was qualitatively assessed; the quantitative postural evaluation was performed using the Postural Assessment Software (PAS/SAPo) for a population subsample of 99 participants. An adapted version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used for pain assessment. Data were analyzed descriptively and via statistical tests (significance level of p<0.05). The target population exhibited 22.1% of overweight individuals and 14.1% of obese. Compared to the eutrophic students, the postural evaluation showed a higher knee valgus angle, higher incidence of thoracic kyphosis, and greater prevalence of lumbar hyperlordosis in overweight and obese students (p≤0.05). No association between overweight and pain complaints was detected (p=0.994).

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Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) entre usuários adultos e idosos de Unidades de Saúde da Família do município de São Carlos/SP e identificar o perfil demográfico, utilização de serviços de saúde e as necessidades clínicas destes usuários. Materiais e métodos: O estudo foi desenvolvido em 16 USF do município de São Carlos/SP, incluindo 2407 famílias e 8844 pessoas. Dados sobre a prevalência de DCNT foram analisados para a população adulta (maior de 18 anos; n=5690). Variáveis demográficas foram analisadas para os grupos com DCNT e controle. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente e por meio do teste Qui-quadrado no programa SPSS com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a prevalência de DCNT foi de aproximadamente 35% (IC95%=33,4-35,9%), sendo maior em idosos, mulheres, indivíduos com menor grau de escolaridade, viúvos, aposentados e afastados do trabalho. Não houve associação entre as DCNT e o tabagismo. O serviço de saúde mais utilizado foi a USF em ambos os grupos. Indivíduos com DCNT utilizaram com maior frequência a Unidade de Pronto Atendimento, Unidade Básica de Saúde e Centro de Especialidades Médicas. Conclusões: Os resultados demonstraram que a prevalência de DCNT é alta entre os adultos e idosos avaliados neste estudo, o Sistema Único de Saúde é a referência para tratamento/acompanhamento desses indivíduos. Ações de planejamento para prevenção e controle das DCNT podem ser delineadas no município a partir deste perfil. DESCRITORES Sistema Único de Saúde. Saúde da Família. Epidemiologia. Prevenção. Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica. Diabetes.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate how the fixed furniture dimensions match with students' anthropometry and to describe head, upper back and upper limbs postures and movements. Evaluation was performed in 48 students from a Brazilian state school. Furniture dimensions were measured with metric tape, movements and postures by inclinometers (Logger Tecknologi, Åkarp, Sweden). Seat height was high for 21% and low for 36% of the students; seat length was short for 45% and long for 9% and table height was high for 53% and low for 28%. Regression analysis showed that seat/popliteal height quotient is explained by 90 th percentile of upper back inclination (ȕ=0.410) and 90 th percentile of right upper arm elevation (ȕ=-0.293). For seat/thigh length quotient the significant variables were 90 th percentile of upper back velocity (ȕ=-0.282) and 90 th percentile of right upper arm elevation (ȕ=0.410). This study showed a relationship between furniture mismatch and postural overload. When the seat height is low students increase upper back left inclination and right upper arm elevation; when the seat is short students decrease the upper back flexion velocity and increase right upper arm elevation.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate musculoskeletal and psychosocial perception and compare these conditions regarding the type of job (white or blue-collar) and the type of management model (private or public).MethodsForty-seven public white-collar (PuWC), 84 private white-collar (PrWC) and 83 blue-collar workers (PrBC) were evaluated. Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) were applied to evaluate psychosocial factors. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used to assess musculoskeletal symptoms. Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) was measured to evaluate sensory responses.ResultsAccording to JCQ, all groups were classified as active profile. There was a significant association between work engagement and workers’ categories (p < 0.05). PrWC workers had the highest scores for all the UWES domains, while PrBC had the lowest ones. PPT showed that PrBC workers had an increased sensitivity for left deltoid (p < 0.01), and for both epicondyles (p < 0.01), when compared to the other groups. PrWC workers had an increased sensitivity for both epicondyles than PuWC (right p < 0.01; left, p = 0.05). There was no significant association in the report of symptoms across the groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionThis study showed differences in psychosocial risk factors and musculoskeletal symptoms in workers engaged in different types of jobs and work organization. Personal and work-related characteristics, psychosocial factors and PPT responses were different across workers’ group. Despite all, there was no significant difference in reported symptoms across the groups, possibly indicating that the physical load is similar among the sectors.

No guidelines are available to orient researchers on the availability and applications of equipment and sensors for recording precise neck movements in occupational settings. In this study reports on direct measurements of neck movements in the workplace were reviewed. Using relevant keywords two independent reviewers searched for eligible studies in the following databases: Cinahal, Cochrane, Embase, Lilacs, PubMed, MEDLINE, PEDro, Scopus and Web of Science. After applying the inclusion criteria, 13 articles on direct neck measurements in occupational settings were retrieved from among 33,666 initial titles. These studies were then methodologically evaluated according to their design characteristics, exposure and outcome assessment, and statistical analysis. The results showed that in most of the studies the three axes of neck movement (flexion-extension, lateral flexion and rotation) were not simultaneously recorded. Deficiencies in available equipment explain this flaw, demonstrating that sensors and systems need to be improved so that a true understanding of real occupational exposure can be achieved. Further studies are also needed to assess neck movement in those who perform heavy-duty work, such as nurses and electricians, since no report about such jobs was identified.